Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

со всех языков на все языки

to sail due south

Толкование Перевод

1 due

due, US

A n dû m ; it was his due gen ce n'était que son dû ; (of money, inheritance etc) ça devait lui revenir ; (of praise, recognition etc) il le méritait ; I must give her her due, she… il faut lui rendre cette justice, elle… ; the Tax Office, give them their due, actually refunded the money il faut bien le reconnaître que le centre des impôts a finalement remboursé l'argent.

B dues npl ( for membership) cotisation f ; (for import, taxes etc) droits mpl ; to pay one's dues lit payer sa cotisation ; fig payer son dû.

C adj

1 ( payable) ( jamais épith) to be/fall due [rent, next instalment] arriver/venir à échéance ; when due à l'échéance ; the rent is due on/no later than the 6th le loyer doit être payé le 6/avant le 6 ; the balance due le solde dû ; debts due to the company/by the company dettes actives/passives ;

2 ( entitled to) they should pay him what is due to him on devrait lui payer l'argent auquel il a droit ; the prisoner made the phone calls due ○ him US le prisonnier a passé les coups de téléphone auxquels il avait droit ;

3 ○ (about to be paid, given) I'm due some back pay/four days' holiday on me doit des arriérés/quatre jours de congé ; we are due (for) a wage increase soon ( as is normal) nos salaires doivent bientôt être augmentés ; ( if all goes well) nos salaires devraient bientôt être augmentés ;

4 ( appropriate) ( tjrs épith) with due solemnity avec toute la solennité qui s'impose/s'imposait etc ; after due consideration après mûre réflexion ; with all due respect to a man of his age malgré tout le respect que l'on doit à un homme de son âge ; to show due respect ou consideration for sb/sth témoigner le respect dû à qn/qch ; to give all due praise to sb rendre un hommage bien mérité à qn ; you will receive a letter in due course vous recevrez une lettre en temps utile ; in due course it transpired that à la longue il est apparu que ;

5 Jur ( in phrases) in due form en bonne et due forme ; due diligence diligence normale ; to be charged with driving without due care and attention être inculpé de conduite imprudente ;

6 (scheduled, expected) to be due to do devoir faire ; we are due to leave there in the evening nous devons partir de là-bas le soir ; the changes due in the year 2000 les changements qui doivent se produire en l'an 2000 ; to be due (in) ou due to arrive [train, bus] être attendu ; [person] devoir arriver ; to be due back soon/at 8 devoir revenir bientôt/à 8 heures ; to be due out [coach, boat etc] devoir partir ; [book] devoir sortir ; the book is due out in the shops soon le livre doit sortir bientôt (en librairie) ; to be due for completion/demolition devoir être terminé/démoli.

D adv ( directly) to face due north/east etc [building] être orienté plein nord/est etc ; [hiker etc] regarder vers le nord/l'est etc ; to go due south/west etc aller droit vers le sud/l'ouest etc ; to sail due south avoir le cap au sud ; to march due north marcher tout droit en direction du nord ; due east there is… à l'est il y a…

E due to prep phr

1 ( because of) en raison de ; due to bad weather/a fall in demand en raison du mauvais temps/d'une baisse de la demande ; due to the fact that the satellite link had broken down en raison d'une rupture de liaison avec le satellite ; he resigned due to the fact that il a démissionné parce que ; to be due to [delay, cancellation etc] être dû/due à ; due to unforeseen circumstances pour des raisons indépendantes de notre volonté ; ‘closed due to illness’ ‘fermé pour cause de maladie’ ; ‘cancelled due to high winds’ ‘annulé pour cause de vent trop fort’ ;

2 ( thanks to) grâce à ; it's all due to you c'est uniquement grâce à toi.

Big English-French dictionary > due
2 south

south [saʊθ]

1. noun

sud m

• to the south of au sud de

• in the south of Scotland dans le sud de l'Écosse

• house facing the south maison exposée au sud

• to live in the south habiter dans le Sud

• the South of France le Sud de la France le Midi

2. adjective

sud inv

• south wind vent m du sud

• south coast côte f sud

• on the south side du côté sud

• the south door of the cathedral le portail sud de la cathédrale

• in south Devon dans le sud du Devon

3. adverb

[go] vers le sud ; [be, lie] au sud, dans le sud

• the town lies south of the border la ville est située au sud de la frontière

• further south plus au sud

• we drove south for 100km nous avons roulé pendant 100 km en direction du sud

• go south till you get to Crewe allez vers le sud jusqu'à Crewe

• to sail due south aller plein sud

4. compounds

► South Africa noun Afrique f du Sud

► South African adjective sud-africain noun

Sud-Africain (e) m(f)

► South America noun Amérique f du Sud

► South American adjective sud-américain noun

Sud-Américain (e) m(f)

► the South Atlantic noun l'Atlantique m sud

► South Carolina noun Caroline f du Sud

• in South Carolina en Caroline du Sud ► south-east noun sud-est m adjective sud-est inv adverb vers le sud-est, au sud-est

► South-East Asia noun Sud-Est m asiatique

► south-easterly adjective [wind, direction] du sud-est ; [situation] au sud-est adverb vers le sud-est

► south-eastern adjective sud-est

► south-eastward, south-eastward adverb vers le sud-est

► south-facing adjective exposé au sud

► the South Pacific noun le Pacifique Sud

► the South Pole noun le pôle Sud

► south-west noun sud-ouest m adjective sud-ouest inv adverb vers le sud-ouest, au sud-ouest

► south-westerly adjective [wind, direction] du sud-ouest

► south-western adjective sud-ouest inv

* * *
[saʊθ] 1.
noun sud m
2.
adjective gen sud inv; [wind] gen du sud; Meteorology de sud
3.
adverb [move] vers le sud; [lie, live] au sud (of de)

English-French dictionary > south
3 due

I 1. [djuː] [AE duː]
aggettivo

1) mai attrib. (payable)

to be, fall due — [rent, next instalment] scadere, essere esigibile

when due — alla scadenza

the rent is due on the 6th — l'affitto scade il 6

the balance due — il saldo debitore

2) (entitled to)

they should pay him what is due to him — dovrebbero pagargli quello che gli spetta o è dovuto

3) colloq. (about to be paid, given)

I'm due some back pay — mi spettano degli arretrati

we are due (for) a wage increase soon — a breve i nostri salari saranno aumentati

4) attrib. (appropriate)

with due solemnity — con la dovuta solennità

after due consideration — dopo accurata, adeguata riflessione

to give all due praise to sb. — dare a qcn. tutto l'onore che si merita

you will receive a letter in due course — riceverà una lettera a tempo debito

in due course it transpired that — al momento opportuno si venne a sapere che

5) (scheduled, expected)

to be due to do — dovere fare

we are due to leave there in the evening — (è programmato che) partiremo in serata

to be due (in) o due to arrive essere atteso; to be due back soon dover rientrare presto; when is your baby due? — quando deve nascere il tuo bambino?

6) due to (because of) a causa di

he resigned due to the fact that — diede le sue dimissioni in seguito al fatto che

to be due to — [delay, cancellation] essere dovuto a

"closed due to illness" — "chiuso per malattia"; (thanks to) grazie a, per merito di

it's all due to you — è tutto merito tuo, lo si deve solo a te
2.
avverbio (directly)

to face due north — [ building] essere volto direttamente a nord

to go due south — andare verso sud

to sail due south — navigare in direzione sud
II 1. [djuː] [AE duː]
nome dovuto m., giusto m.

it was his due — era ciò che gli era dovuto; (of money etc.) era ciò che gli spettava; (of praise etc.) gli era dovuto, se lo meritava
2.
nome plurale dues (for membership) quota f.sing. sociale; (for import, taxes etc.) diritti m.

••

to pay one's dues — fare il proprio dovere

* * *
[dju:] 1. adjective
1) (owed: I think I'm still due some pay; Our thanks are due to the doctor.) dovuto

2) (expected according to timetable, promise etc: The bus is due in three minutes.) atteso

3) (proper: Take due care.) dovuto
2. adverb
(directly South: sailing due east.) esattamente
3. noun
1) (what is owed, especially what one has a right to: I'm only taking what is my due.) dovuto, (ciò che è dovuto)

2) ((in plural) charge, fee or toll: He paid the dues on the cargo.) diritti

•

- duly
- due to
- give someone his due
- give his due
* * *
I 1. [djuː] [AE duː]
aggettivo

1) mai attrib. (payable)

to be, fall due — [rent, next instalment] scadere, essere esigibile

when due — alla scadenza

the rent is due on the 6th — l'affitto scade il 6

the balance due — il saldo debitore

2) (entitled to)

they should pay him what is due to him — dovrebbero pagargli quello che gli spetta o è dovuto

3) colloq. (about to be paid, given)

I'm due some back pay — mi spettano degli arretrati

we are due (for) a wage increase soon — a breve i nostri salari saranno aumentati

4) attrib. (appropriate)

with due solemnity — con la dovuta solennità

after due consideration — dopo accurata, adeguata riflessione

to give all due praise to sb. — dare a qcn. tutto l'onore che si merita

you will receive a letter in due course — riceverà una lettera a tempo debito

in due course it transpired that — al momento opportuno si venne a sapere che

5) (scheduled, expected)

to be due to do — dovere fare

we are due to leave there in the evening — (è programmato che) partiremo in serata

to be due (in) o due to arrive essere atteso; to be due back soon dover rientrare presto; when is your baby due? — quando deve nascere il tuo bambino?

6) due to (because of) a causa di

he resigned due to the fact that — diede le sue dimissioni in seguito al fatto che

to be due to — [delay, cancellation] essere dovuto a

"closed due to illness" — "chiuso per malattia"; (thanks to) grazie a, per merito di

it's all due to you — è tutto merito tuo, lo si deve solo a te
2.
avverbio (directly)

to face due north — [ building] essere volto direttamente a nord

to go due south — andare verso sud

to sail due south — navigare in direzione sud
II 1. [djuː] [AE duː]
nome dovuto m., giusto m.

it was his due — era ciò che gli era dovuto; (of money etc.) era ciò che gli spettava; (of praise etc.) gli era dovuto, se lo meritava
2.
nome plurale dues (for membership) quota f.sing. sociale; (for import, taxes etc.) diritti m.

••

to pay one's dues — fare il proprio dovere

English-Italian dictionary > due
4 south

1. noun
1) (the direction to the right of a person facing the rising sun, or any part of the earth lying in that direction: He stood facing towards the south; She lives in the south of France.) sur

2) (one of the four main points of the compass.) sur

2. adjective
1) (in the south: She works on the south coast.) sur, meridional

2) (from the direction of the south: a south wind.) del sur

3. adverb
(towards the south: This window faces south.) hacia el sur

- southerly
- southern
- southerner
- southernmost
- southward
- southwards
- southward
- southbound
- south-east / south-west
4. adjective
1) (in the south-east or south-west: the south-east coast.) sudeste; sudoeste

2) (from the direction of the south-east or south-west: a south-east wind.) sudeste; sudoeste

5. adverb
(towards the south-east or south-west: The gateway faces south-west.) hacia el sudeste; hacia el sudoeste

- south-easterly / south-westerly
- south-eastern / south-western
- the South Pole

south n adj adv sur

Málaga is in the south of Spain Málaga está en el sur de España

they live on the south coast viven en la costa sur

some birds fly south in winter en invierno algunos pájaros vuelan hacia el sur

south

tr[saʊɵ]

noun

1 sur nombre masculino

■ in the south en el sur

■ to the south of al sur de

adjective

1 sur, del sur, meridional

■ south coast costa sur

■ south wind viento del sur

adverb

1 (direction) hacia el sur; (location) al sur

■ birds fly south los pájaros vuelan hacia el sur

■ the house faces south la casa está orientada al sur

■ it's south of the river está al sur del río

noun the South

1 el Sur nombre masculino, el sur nombre masculino

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

down south (location) al sur 2 (direction) hacia el sur

South American sudamericano,-a

the South Pacific el Pacífico Sur

the South Pole el Polo Sur

the South Seas los mares del Sur

South Wales Gales del Sur

south ['saʊɵ] adv

: al sur, hacia el sur

the window looks south: la ventana mira al sur

she continued south: continuó hacia el sur

south adj

: sur, del sur

the south entrance: la entrada sur

South America: Sudamérica, América del Sur

south n

: sur m

south

adj.

• del sur adj.

• meridional adj.

• sur adj.

adv.

• al sur adv.

• hacia el sur adv.

n.

• mediodía s.m.

• sud s.m.

• sur s.m.

I saʊθ
mass noun

1)

a) (point of the compass, direction) sur m

the south, the South — el sur, el Sur

to the south of the city — al sur de la ciudad

south-southeast — sursudeste

south-southwest — sursudoeste

b) ( region)

the south, the South — el sur

a town in the south of Texas — una ciudad del sur or en el sur de Texas

2)

the South — ( in US history) el Sur, los estados sudistas

3)

South — ( in bridge) Sur m

II

adjective (before n) <wall/face> sur adj inv, meridional; < wind> del sur

III

adverb al sur

the house faces south — la casa da or mira al sur

he headed south — se dirigió hacia el sur

south of something — al sur de algo

down south: they live down south viven en el sur; let's go down south — vayamos al sur

[saʊθ]
1.

N (=direction) sur m ; (=region) sur m, mediodía m

the South of France — el sur de Francia, el mediodía francés, la Francia meridional

in the south of England — al sur or en el sur de Inglaterra

to live in the south — vivir en el sur

to the south of — al sur de

the wind is from the or in the south — el viento sopla or viene del sur

in the south of the country — al sur or en el sur del país

2.

ADJ del sur, sureño, meridional

3.

ADV (=southward) hacia el sur; (=in the south) al sur, en el sur

to travel south — viajar hacia el sur

this house faces south — esta casa mira al sur or tiene vista hacia el sur

my window faces south — mi ventana da al sur

south of the border — al sur de la frontera

it's south of London — está al sur de Londres

to sail due south — (Naut) ir proa al sur, navegar rumbo al sur

4.

CPD

South Africa N — Suráfrica f, Sudáfrica f
South African
South America N — América f del Sur, Sudamérica f ; South American

South Atlantic N — Atlántico m Sur

South Australia N — Australia f del Sur

South Carolina N — Carolina f del Sur

South Dakota N — Dakota f del Sur

South Georgia N — Georgia f del Sur

South Korea N — Corea f del Sur; South Korean

South Pacific N — Pacífico m Sur

the South Pole N — el Polo sur

the South Sea Islands NPL — las islas de los mares del Sur

the South Seas NPL — los mares del Sur, el mar austral

South Vietnam N — Vietnam m del Sur
South Vietnamese
South Wales N — Gales m del Sur

South West Africa N — África f del Suroeste

* * *

I [saʊθ]
mass noun

1)

a) (point of the compass, direction) sur m

the south, the South — el sur, el Sur

to the south of the city — al sur de la ciudad

south-southeast — sursudeste

south-southwest — sursudoeste

b) ( region)

the south, the South — el sur

a town in the south of Texas — una ciudad del sur or en el sur de Texas

2)

the South — ( in US history) el Sur, los estados sudistas

3)

South — ( in bridge) Sur m

II

adjective (before n) <wall/face> sur adj inv, meridional; < wind> del sur

III

adverb al sur

the house faces south — la casa da or mira al sur

he headed south — se dirigió hacia el sur

south of something — al sur de algo

down south: they live down south viven en el sur; let's go down south — vayamos al sur

English-spanish dictionary > south
5 south *****

[saʊθ]
1. n

sud m, meridione m, mezzogiorno

(to the) south of — a sud di

it's south of London — è a sud di Londra

in the south of — nel sud di

the wind is from the south — il vento soffia da sud or da mezzogiorno

to veer to the south — (wind) girare verso sud

the South of France — il sud della Francia, la Francia del sud or meridionale

2. adj

(gen) sud inv, (coast) meridionale, (wind) del sud

the south coast — la costa meridionale

South Wales — il Galles del sud or meridionale

3. adv

verso sud

south of the border — a sud del confine

to sail due south — andare direttamente verso sud

to travel south — viaggiare verso sud

we were travelling south — viaggiavamo verso sud

this house faces south — questa casa è esposta a sud or a mezzogiorno

English-Italian dictionary > south *****
6 south

south [saʊθ]

1 noun

(a) Geography sud m;

∎ in the south au sud, dans le sud;

∎ the region to the south of Edinburgh la région au sud d'Édimbourg;

∎ two miles to the south trois kilomètres au sud;

∎ look towards the south regardez vers le sud;

∎ I was born in the south je suis né dans le Sud;

∎ in the south of India dans le sud de l'Inde;

∎ in the South of France dans le Midi (de la France);

∎ the wind is in the south le vent est au sud;

∎ the wind is coming from the south le vent vient ou souffle du sud;

∎ History the South (of United States) le Sud, les États mpl du Sud

(b) Cards sud m

2 adjective

(a) Geography sud (inv), du sud, méridional; (country, state) du Sud; (wall) exposé au sud;

∎ the south coast la côte sud;

∎ in south London dans le sud de Londres;

∎ in South India en Inde du Sud;

∎ the South Atlantic/Pacific l'Atlantique m/le Pacifique Sud;

∎ the South Seas les mers fpl du Sud;

∎ the South Bank = complexe sur la rive sud de la Tamise réunissant des salles de concert, des théâtres et des musées;

∎ the South Circular = voie rapide périphérique au sud de Londres

(b) (wind) de sud, du sud

3 adverb

au sud; (travel) vers le sud, en direction du sud;

∎ the village lies south of York le village est situé au sud de York;

∎ the living room faces south la salle de séjour est exposée au sud;

∎ the path heads (due) south le chemin va ou mène (droit) vers le sud;

∎ walk south until you come to a main road marchez vers le sud jusqu'à ce que vous arriviez à une route principale;

∎ I drove south for two hours j'ai roulé pendant deux heures en direction du sud;

∎ we're going south for our holidays nous allons passer nos vacances dans le Sud;

∎ I travelled south je suis allée vers le sud;

∎ to sail south naviguer cap sur le sud;

∎ it's 20 miles south of Birmingham c'est à 32 kilomètres au sud de Birmingham;

∎ they live down south ils habitent dans le Sud;

∎ south by east/west sud-quart-sud-est/-ouest;

∎ further south plus au sud

►► South Africa l'Afrique f du Sud;

∎ in South Africa en Afrique du Sud;

∎ the Republic of South Africa la République d'Afrique du Sud;

South African

1 noun

Sud-Africain(e) m,f

2 adjective

sud-africain, d'Afrique du Sud;

South America l'Amérique f du Sud;

∎ in South America en Amérique du Sud; South American

1 noun

Sud-Américain(e) m,f

2 adjective

sud-américain, d'Amérique du Sud;

South Australia l'Australie-Méridionale f;

∎ in South Australia en Australie-Méridionale;

Geography South Carolina la Caroline du Sud;

∎ in South Carolina en Caroline du Sud;

Geography South Dakota le Dakota du Sud;

∎ in South Dakota dans le Dakota du Sud;

South Georgia la Géorgie du Sud;

Geography South Glamorgan le South Glamorgan, = comté du sud du pays de Galles;

∎ in South Glamorgan dans le South Glamorgan;

South Island l'île f du Sud;

South Korea la Corée du Sud;

∎ in South Korea en Corée du Sud; South Korean

1 noun

Sud-Coréen(enne) m,f, Coréen(enne) m,f du Sud

2 adjective

sud-coréen;

South Pole le pôle Sud;

∎ at the South Pole au pôle Sud;

South Sea Bubble = krach financier de 1720 en Angleterre;

South Sea Islands l'Océanie f;

South Vietnam le Viêt-nam du Sud;

∎ in South Vietnam au Viêt-nam du Sud; South Vietnamese

1 noun

Sud-Vietnamien(enne) m,f;

the South Vietnamese les Sud-Vietnamiens mpl

2 adjective

sud-vietnamien;

South Wales le sud du pays de Galles;

South Yemen le Yémen du Sud;

∎ in South Yemen au Yémen du Sud;

Geography South Yorkshire le South Yorkshire, = comté du nord de l'Angleterre;

∎ in South Yorkshire dans le South Yorkshire

ⓘ THE SOUTH SEA BUBBLE Ce krach financier eut lieu en 1720, après que la "South Sea Company" eut repris à son compte la dette nationale britannique en échange du monopole du commerce sur les mers du sud. Cette nouvelle provoqua une ruée sur les actions de la compagnie et une spéculation avide, entraînant la chute des cours et la ruine de nombreux investisseurs.

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > south
7 direzione

f direction

di società management

di partito leadership

ufficio office

sede generale head office

in direzione di Roma in the direction of Rome

* * *

direzione s.f.

1 ( guida) direction, guidance; control; ( di partito e simili) leadership; (di azienda ecc.) management; ( di scuola) headship; ( di giornale) editorship; ( supervisione) supervision, superintendence: le ricerche furono condotte sotto la direzione di un premio Nobel, the research was conducted under the direction (o guidance) of a Nobel prizewinner; gli offrirono la direzione del partito, ma egli rifiutò, they offered him the leadership of the party, but he refused it; sta a te prendere la direzione degli affari, it is up to you to take control (o charge) of affairs; affidare a qlcu. la direzione dell'azienda, to entrust someone with the management of the firm; assumere la direzione dell'azienda, to take over the management of the business (o to take charge of the business); partecipare alla direzione, to share in the management; direzione dei lavori, supervision of works; sai chi è incaricato della direzione dei lavori?, do you know who is in charge of (o supervising) the work?

2 ( organo direttivo) ( di società, ente) management; ( di partito) leadership: alta direzione, top management; quali sono le decisioni della direzione?, what are the decisions of the management?; la direzione del giornale ha deciso alcuni cambiamenti, the management of the newspaper has decided on certain changes; è di competenza della direzione del personale, it's the province of personnel management // la direzione delle poste, Post Office management

3 ( sede) head office, administrative offices (pl.); administrative department; (amer.) front office; ( ufficio del direttore) manager's office: direzione marittima, harbour master's office; passate domani in direzione, call in at the manager's office tomorrow; recarsi in direzione, to go to the management

4 ( senso, verso) direction; course; way: in direzione di, in the direction of (o towards); l'ho visto andare in direzione del centro, I saw him going in the direction (o towards) the centre; in direzione di casa, homeward (-bound); si allontanò in direzione del paese, he walked away in the direction of the village; in quale direzione?, in which direction?; nella stessa direzione, in the same direction; che direzione avete preso?, which way did you go?; cambiare di direzione, to change one's direction (o to alter one's course), (mar.) to veer; la direzione della marea, the set (o direction) of the tide; direzione del nord, ( indicata da una bussola) magnetic (o compass) meridian; (astr.) direzione apparente, apparent direction; (mil., topografia) angolo di direzione, bearing

5 (geol.) ( di strato) strike, bearing.

* * *
[diret'tsjone]
sostantivo femminile

1) (senso, verso) direction, way (anche fig.)

in o nella direzione di in the direction of; in direzione est in an eastward direction, eastbound; cambiare direzione to change course; sbagliare direzione to go in the wrong direction, to go the wrong way; navigare in direzione sud — to sail due south

2) (gestione, guida) direction, running; (di giornale) editing; scol. headship

gli è stata affidata la direzione del progetto — he's been put in charge of the project

3) (dirigenza, vertici) direction, (senior) management; (di partito) leadership

4) (ufficio) direction, manager's office

* * *

direzione

/diret'tsjone/

sostantivo f.

1 (senso, verso) direction, way (anche fig.); in o nella direzione di in the direction of; in direzione est in an eastward direction, eastbound; cambiare direzione to change course; sbagliare direzione to go in the wrong direction, to go the wrong way; navigare in direzione sud to sail due south

2 (gestione, guida) direction, running; (di giornale) editing; scol. headship; gli è stata affidata la direzione del progetto he's been put in charge of the project

3 (dirigenza, vertici) direction, (senior) management; (di partito) leadership

4 (ufficio) direction, manager's office.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > direzione
8 a merge / naviga drept spre sud etc.

mar. to sail due south, etc.

Română-Engleză dicționar expresii > a merge / naviga drept spre sud etc.
9 a naviga spre sud

mar. to sail due south

to steer a southerly course.

Română-Engleză dicționar expresii > a naviga spre sud
10 navigare in direzione sud

navigare in direzione sud

to sail due south

\

→ direzione

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > navigare in direzione sud
11 dokładnie

Ⅰ adv. grad. (drobiazgowo) [opisać, pamiętać] precisely, accurately; [obejrzeć, przeczytać, umyć] carefully; [omówić, zbadać] thoroughly
- wiedzieli dokładnie, co ich czeka they knew precisely what would happen to them

- zrobiłem dokładnie to, o co prosiłeś I did exactly as you asked a. wanted

- znał dokładnie termin… he knew the exact date of…

- musisz celować dokładniej you need to aim more accurately
Ⅱ part. 1. (akurat) precisely, exactly
- zostało nam dokładnie dwadzieścia minut we have precisely 20 minutes left

- wszystko odbyło się dokładnie tak, jak przewidywaliśmy everything went exactly as we had foreseen

- iść/płynąć dokładnie na południe to go/sail directly south
2. (ściślej) to be precise, to be exact
- dwadzieścia lat temu, dokładnie 21 lipca 1969 roku twenty years ago, on 21 July 1969 to be precise a. exact
Ⅲ inter. kryt. (właśnie) precisely, exactly
- „myślą, że są zupełnie bezkarni” – „dokładnie” ‘they think they can do just as they please’ – ‘precisely’ a. ‘that’s right’

- „pan chce otworzyć konto, tak?” – „dokładnie” ‘you want to open an account, sir, do you?’ – ‘exactly’ a. ‘that’s right’

* * *

adv

exactly, precisely

* * *

dokładnie

adv.

1. (= precyzyjnie) exactly; accurately, precisely; dokładnie coś pamiętać remember sth well, remember sth in detail; dokładnie ten sam the very same.

2. (= starannie) thoroughly, meticulously, well, carefully.

3. (= uważnie) closely; dokładnie kogoś/coś obserwować watch sb/sth closely; dokładnie kogoś/coś zbadać examine sb/sth closely l. in detail.

4. ( w określeniach czasu) dokładnie o piątej/siedemnastej at five (o'clock) sharp, on the stroke of five; dokładnie w dwie godziny in two hours flat; dokładnie w tej chwili l. w tym momencie as we speak, at this very moment; dokładnie chodzić ( o zegarku) run well.

5. ( w określeniach kierunków geograficznych) due; dokładnie na północ/zachód due north/west.

int.

pot. exactly!, precisely!, dead on!, right on!, spot on!

The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > dokładnie
12 west

{west}
I. 1. запад
2. западна част на страна/облаcт
the WEST геогр., полит. Западът, Западна Европа или западната част на Съединените щати
3. attr западен
II. adv на запад, западно от
WEST of на запад, западно от
to go WEST sl. умирам, отивам в Америка, прен. отивам по дяволите
WEST by north/south мор. една точка (11) северно/южно от курса на запад

* * *

{west} n 1. запад; 2. западна част на страна/облаcт; the W. геог(2) {west} adv на запад, западно от; west of на запад, западно от;

* * *

запад;

* * *
1. attr западен 2. i. запад 3. ii. adv на запад, западно от 4. the west геогр., полит. Западът, Западна Европа или западната част на Съединените щати 5. to go west sl. умирам, отивам в Америка, прен. отивам по дяволите 6. west by north/south мор. една точка (11) северно/южно от курса на запад 7. west of на запад, западно от 8. западна част на страна/облаcт
* * *

west [west] I. n 1. запад; 2. западната част на света (на страна, област, град) (обикн. W.); the W. Западът (Зап. Европа или (ам.) западната част на Съединените щати между Мисисипи и Тихия океан); 3. attr западен; \west country западната част на страна; II. adv на запад, западно от; to look ( face) \west с изглед на запад; to sail due \west плувам точно в посока към запад (по компас); to the \west of на запад от; to go \west sl умирам; погубвам се; \west by north една точка (11°) северно от запад.

English-Bulgarian dictionary > west
13 west

[west] n., adv., adj. -n 1. gjeog. perëndim; to the west of në perëndim të; in the west of Canada në pjesën perëndimore të Kanadasë; facing the west i kthyer/me ballin nga perëndimi. 2. pol. the West Perëndimi, vendet perëndimore; amer. Perëndimi, shtetet perëndimore të SHBA-së /-adv. në perëndim; drejt perëndimit; drive west for 50 km eci drejt perëndimit 50 km; west of the border në perëndim të kufirit; west by south perëndim-jugperëndim; sail due west lundroj/shkoj /udhëtoj drejt perëndimit.

● go west fig. a) 1 humbet, zhduket (një send); b) vdes, cof (dikush) /-adj. i perëndimit; perëndimor; on the west side nga ana perëndimore, nga perëndimi; in the west Atlantic në Atlantikun perëndimor

● West Africa [west 'æfrikë] n. gjeog. Afrika Perëndimore

● West Bank ( the west) [west bænk] n. gjeog. Bregu Perëndimor, Cisjordania

● West Berlin [west bë:'lin] n. gjeog. Berlini Perëndimor

● West Country ( the west) [west 'kantri] n. Br.gjeog. Jugperëndimi i Anglisë

● West End ( the west) [west end] n. gjeog. Uest Endi, qendra tregtare e turistike e Londrës

● westerly ['westë:li] adj., adv. -adj. perëndimi (erë); perëndimor(drejtim etj); westerly aspect pamje/ fytyrë/fasadë nga perëndimi /-adv. nga perëndimi, drejt perëndimit

● western ['westë:n] adj.,n. -adj. perëndimor; nga perëndimi; Western Europe Evropa Perëndimore /-n. film/libër uestern/me kauboj

● westerner ['westë:në:] n 1. banor i Perëndimit (të SHBA). 2. pol. Perëndimor, banor i vendeve perëndimore

● westernize ['westë:naiz] vt. bëj perëndimor, oksidentalizoj, i jap frymë perëndimore

● westernmost ['westë:nmoust] adj. më perëndimori, i perëndimit ekstrem

● western writer ['westë:n 'raitë:(r)] n. shkrimtar romanesh uestern

● West Indies [west indi:z] n. gjeog. Inditë Perëndimore, Ishujt e Antileve

● west-northwest ['west no:thwest] n., adj., adv. -n. perëndim-veriperëndirn /-adj., adv. në/nga perëndim-veriperëndim(i)

● West Point ['west point] n. amer. shkollë ushtarake

● west-southwest [westsauthwest] n., adj., adv. -n. perëndim-jugperëndim /-adj., adv. në/nga perëndim-jugperëndimi

● westward ['westwë:d] adj., adv.,n. -adj. perëndimor; në perëndim / adv. drejt perëndimit, nga perëndimi /-n. pjesë perëndimore; drejtim perëndimor

● westwards ['westwë:dz] adv. shih westward

* * *

perëndim

English-Albanian dictionary > west
14 down

I [daʊn]
avverbio

1) (from higher to lower level)

to go down — andare giù, scendere

to fall down — cadere (giù), crollare

to sit down on the floor — sedersi per terra

I'm on my way down — sto scendendo

is Tim down yet? — (from upstairs) è già sceso Tim?

down! — (to dog) a cuccia!

"down" — (in crossword) "verticali"

read down to the end of the paragraph — leggi fino alla fine del paragrafo

2) (indicating position at lower level)

down below — giù, in basso; (when looking down from height) laggiù

down here — quaggiù

two floors down — due piani sotto o più giù

it's on the second shelf down — è sul secondo scaffale partendo dall'alto

down at the bottom of the lake — giù in fondo al lago

3) (indicating direction)

to go down to Naples — andare (giù) a Napoli

down in Brighton — (giù) a Brighton

they live down south — colloq. vivono nel Sud

4) (in a range, scale, hierarchy)

children from the age of 10 down — i bambini dai dieci anni in giù

from the sixteenth century down to the present day — dal sedicesimo secolo (fino) ai giorni nostri

5) (indicating loss of money etc.)

bookings are down by a half — le prenotazioni si sono dimezzate, sono diminuite della metà

profits are well down on last year's — i profitti sono nettamente inferiori a quelli dell'anno scorso

I'm Ј 10 down — sono sotto di 10 sterline

6) (indicating reduction)

to get one's weight down — dimagrire, perdere peso

to get the price down — far ridurre il prezzo

I'm down to my last cigarette — non mi resta che una sigaretta

that's seven down, three to go! — fatti sette o via sette, ne restano tre!

7) (on list, schedule)

you're down to speak next — tu sei il prossimo a parlare

I've got you down for Thursday — (in appointment book) le ho fissato un appuntamento per giovedì

8) (incapacitated)

to be down with the flu — avere l'influenza, essere a letto con l'influenza

9) sport

to be two sets down — [ tennis player] essere in svantaggio di due set

10) (as deposit)

to pay Ј 40 down — pagare 40 sterline in contanti

11) (downwards)

face down — a faccia in giù o prono

••

it's down to you to do it — dipende da te farlo

down with tyrants! — abbasso i tiranni!
••
Note:

Down often occurs as the second element in verb combinations in English ( go down, fall down, get down, keep down, put down etc.). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (go, fall, get, keep, put etc.). - When used after such verbs as sit or lie, down implies the action being done. Compare the following examples and their translations: she is sitting = lei siede / è seduta; she is sitting down = lei si siede / si sta sedendo. - For examples and further usages, see the entry below
II [daʊn]
preposizione

1) (from higher to lower point)

to run down the hill — scendere giù dalla collina correndo

did you enjoy the journey down? — hai fatto buon viaggio?

down town — (giù) in città

2) (at a lower part of)

they live down the road — abitano più giù in questa strada

a few miles down the river from here — qualche miglio più a valle

it's down the corridor to your right — è in fondo al corridoio alla sua destra

3) (along)

to go down the street — andare lungo la strada

with buttons all down the front — abbottonato sul davanti

he looked down her throat — le ha guardato in gola

4) (throughout)

down the ages o centuries — nel corso dei secoli
III [daʊn]
aggettivo

1) colloq.

to feel down — sentersi giù, a terra

2) [ escalator] che scende; BE [ train] che va in provincia (dalla città principale)

3) inform. fuori uso, guasto
IV [daʊn]
verbo transitivo colloq.

1) abbattere, buttare a terra [ person]; abbattere [ plane]

2) (drink)

he downed his beer — si è scolato o ha tracannato la sua birra
V [daʊn]
nome

to have a down on sb. — colloq. avercela con qcn
VI [daʊn]
nome

1) (of birds) piumino m.

2) (of body, plants) lanugine f., peluria f.

* * *
I 1. adverb
1) (towards or in a low or lower position, level or state: He climbed down to the bottom of the ladder.)

2) (on or to the ground: The little boy fell down and cut his knee.)

3) (from earlier to later times: The recipe has been handed down in our family for years.)

4) (from a greater to a smaller size, amount etc: Prices have been going down steadily.)

5) (towards or in a place thought of as being lower, especially southward or away from a centre: We went down from Glasgow to Bristol.)
2. preposition
1) (in a lower position on: Their house is halfway down the hill.)

2) (to a lower position on, by, through or along: Water poured down the drain.)

3) (along: The teacher's gaze travelled slowly down the line of children.)
3. verb
(to finish (a drink) very quickly, especially in one gulp: He downed a pint of beer.)

- downward
- downwards
- downward
- down-and-out
- down-at-heel
- downcast
- downfall
- downgrade
- downhearted
- downhill
- downhill racing
- downhill skiing
- down-in-the-mouth
- down payment
- downpour
- downright 4. adjective
He is a downright nuisance!) assoluto

- downstairs
- downstream
- down-to-earth
- downtown
- downtown
- down-trodden
- be/go down with
- down on one's luck
- down tools
- down with
- get down to
- suit someone down to the ground
- suit down to the ground II noun
(small, soft feathers: a quilt filled with down.)

- downie®
- downy
* * *
down (1) /daʊn/
n.

1 collina erbosa

2 piccola duna

● (geogr.) the Downs, la rada di Deal □ (geogr.) the South Downs, le colline gessose nel sud dell'Inghilterra.
down (2) /daʊn/
n. [u]

1 ( di uccelli acquatici, ecc., usato per cuscini e piumini) piumino, piume

2 [u] lanugine; peluria

● ( USA) down comforter, piumino da letto □ down pillow, guanciale di piume.
♦ down (3) /daʊn/
A avv. e a. pred.

1 giù: Put that book down, metti giù quel libro; They held him down, lo hanno tenuto giù (o a terra); He had his head down, teneva la testa giù; stava a capo chino; The flap of this envelope won't stay down, il lembo di questa busta non vuole star giù; to lie face down, giacere a faccia in giù; Keep down!, sta' giù!; He's awake, but not down yet, è sveglio, ma non è ancora sceso ( dalla sua camera); The blinds were down, le tapparelle erano giù (o abbassate); Her hair was down, aveva i capelli sciolti ( sulle spalle); The river is down, il fiume è in stanca, l'acqua del fiume è bassa; The sun was already down below the horizon, il sole è già sceso sotto la linea dell'orizzonte; The tide is down, la marea è calata; Get down off the table!, scendi giù dal tavolo!; He crouched down behind a bush, si è accovacciato dietro un cespuglio; They swam down to look at the wreck, sono scesi a nuoto per vedere il relitto; to fly from Inverness down to London, scendere in aereo da Inverness a Londra; He gulped down his coffee, ha trangugiato il caffè

2 ( di cifra, valore) – to be down, essere sceso: ( sport) The gap is down to 20 seconds, il ritardo è sceso a 20 secondi; Unemployment is down by 3%, la disoccupazione è scesa del 3%; Exports are down to an all-time low, le esportazioni sono scese al minimo storico; Gold is down ( in price), l'oro è in ribasso; The Dow was down more than 50 points on yesterday, il Dow Jones ha perso 50 punti nel corso della giornata di ieri

3 – to be down, essere sotto (fig.); ( anche sport) essere in svantaggio; ( nelle corse) essere in ritardo: (autom.) to be two laps down, essere in ritardo di due giri; The gambler was 10,000 dollars down, il giocatore era sotto di 10 000 dollari; They were three goals down with four minutes left to play, erano sotto di tre reti, con appena quattro minuti ancora da giocare; Two down at half time, we eventually won 4-2, in svantaggio di due gol alla fine del primo tempo, alla fine abbiamo vinto per 4 a 2

4 (comm.) come acconto: Five hundred dollars down and the remainder in instalments, un acconto di cinquecento dollari e il resto a rate

5 per iscritto: to be [to get st.] down on paper, essere [mettere qc.] per iscritto; Write this number down, annotati questo numero; I took down the details of the job, mi sono scritto i dati relativi al lavoro

6 in lista: Put me ( o my name) down for ten pounds, mettimi in lista per dieci sterline; Are you down for the football team?, sei in lista per la squadra di calcio?; I'm down for the late shift on Friday, mi hanno messo nell'ultimo turno venerdì

7 giù (di morale); depresso: I'm feeling a bit down today, oggi mi sento un po' giù (di morale); He was very down after failing his exam, era molto giù dopo essere stato bocciato all'esame

8 a partire dall'alto: You'll find it in the third drawer down, lo troverai nel terzo cassetto a partire dall'alto

9 da cima a fondo; a fondo: They washed the walls down, hanno lavato a fondo i muri

10 ( di un apparecchio, ecc.) fuori uso (o inattivo): My computer is down, il mio computer è fuori uso; All the phone lines are down, tutte le linee telefoniche sono inattive

11 (fam.) a letto: to go (o to come) down with flu, finire a letto con l'influenza; He's down with flu, è a letto con l'influenza

12 ( boxe) al tappeto

13 (idiom., per es.:) Nail the lid down!, inchioda il coperchio!; We went down to Sicily, siamo andati in Sicilia; When are you coming down for the weekend?, quando vieni a passare qui un fine settimana?; He's just gone down to the post office, è appena andato alla posta; I saw her down by the river, l'ho vista in riva al fiume; down at the end of the street, in fondo alla strada

14 ( in alcune università ingl.) ( di un docente) non in servizio, in sabbatico; ( di uno studente) in vacanza; ( anche) espulso

15 ( sport) ( della palla) fuori gioco; ( baseball: di un giocatore) eliminato; ( cricket: del wicket) abbattuto

16 ( slang USA) ubriaco (o sbronzo)

17 (nei verbi frasali, è idiom.; per es.:) to go down, andare giù; scendere; tramontare; ecc.; to come down, venire giù; to get sb. down, deprimere q.; ecc. (► to go, to come; to get; ecc.) NOTA D'USO: - up to o down to?-

B inter.

1 giù!; a terra!

2 ( a un cane) a cuccia!; seduto!

● (naut.) to be down by the head, essere appruato □ (naut.) to be down by the stern, essere appoppato □ (in USA) Down-Easter, abitante della Nuova Inghilterra (spec. del Maine) □ ( boxe) to be down for the count, subire il conteggio totale; essere contato fino a 10 □ ( boxe) to be down for a count of 8, essere contato fino a 8 □ down here, qui attorno; da queste parti □ (fam.) to be down in the mouth, essere abbattuto (o triste, scoraggiato) □ (fam.) to be down on sb., avercela con q.: She's been down on me since I criticized her work, ce l'ha con me da quando ho criticato il suo lavoro □ to be down on one's luck, attraversare un brutto periodo; essere messo male ( a soldi) □ to be down to sb., spettare (o toccare) a q.: It's down to you to find out a solution to the problem, tocca a te trovare una soluzione al problema □ to be down to st., essere dovuto a (o causato da) q.: The crash was thought to be down to fog, si riteneva che l'incidente fosse dovuto alla nebbia □ to be down to one's last st. –: By the end of the week I was down to my last five pounds, alla fine della settimana mi erano rimaste le ultime cinque sterline □ to put st. down to st., attribuire (la causa di) qc. a qc.: He put her symptoms down to tiredness, attribuiva i suoi sintomi alla stanchezza □ down south, giù nel sud □ down there, laggiù □ down to, fino a: Everything was planned down to the last detail, era tutto pianificato fino all'ultimo dettaglio; Her dress came down to her ankles, il vestito le arrivava alle caviglie; from the wealthiest aristocrat down to the poorest beggar, dal più ricco degli aristocratici al più povero dei mendicanti □ down-to-earth, ( di persona) realista, pratico; coi piedi per terra (fam.); ( di un progetto, ecc.) realistico, concreto □ (fam.) down to the ground, completamente; del tutto: This job suits her down to the ground, questo lavoro è assolutamente perfetto per lei □ (fam.) down under, dall'altra parte del mondo; agli antipodi; in Australia (o in Nuova Zelanda) □ down with, abbasso: Down with the dictator!, abbasso il dittatore! □ to come down to earth, tornare con i piedi per terra (fig.); aprire gli occhi (fig.) □ Three down, and four to go, tre sono fatti, e quattro (ancora) da fare.
down (4) /daʊn/
a. attr.

(che va) in giù, verso il basso; rivolto in basso: a down escalator, una scala mobile che scende; a down arrow, una freccia in giù

● down-and-dirty, nudo e crudo: down-and-dirty rock, rock nudo e crudo; to get down-and-dirty with sb., scoprire gli altarini di q. □ (ingl.) down draught, ( USA) down draft, corrente d'aria discendente □ (comm.) down payment, acconto □ (ferr.) down platform, marciapiede di partenza (o d'arrivo) di un «down train» □ down shaft ► downcast (2) □ a down train, un treno che dalla città principale (per es., Londra) porta in provincia.
♦ down (5) /daʊn/
prep.

1 giù per; a valle di: She ran down the stairs, è corsa giù per le scale; to walk down a hill, andare giù per un colle; discendere un colle; down the drain, giù per il tubo di scarico; to sail down a river, navigare giù per (o verso la foce di) un fiume; scendere un fiume; The village is a few miles down the Thames, il villaggio è a qualche miglia scendendo il Tamigi

2 lungo; per: down the corridor, lungo il corridoio; Her hair was hanging down her back, i capelli le scendevano lungo la schiena; He was running down the street, correva per la strada

3 in fondo a: The train disappeared down the tunnel, il treno è scomparso in fondo alla galleria

4 ( di tempo) nel corso di: down the centuries [years], nel corso dei secoli [degli anni]

● down the left ( hand side), sulla sinistra; sul fianco (o sul lato) sinistro: A run down the left put him in a position to shoot, con una corsa sulla sinistra si è ritrovato in posizione di tiro □ (fam. USA) down the line, in linea gerarchica; facendo tutta la scala (fig.); ( anche) nei quartieri malfamati ( di una città) □ down the right ( hand side), sulla destra; sul lato (o sul fianco) destro □ down the road, più giù lungo la strada; (fig.) nel futuro: They live just down the road, abitano in questa strada, un po' più giù: How do you see yourself five years down the road?, come ti vedi nei cinque anni a venire? □ to get st. down in one, ingoiare (o buttare giù) qc. tutto d'un colpo □ to go down the pan (o the tubes), andare a farsi friggere: The whole project has gone down the pan, tutto il progetto è andato a farsi friggere.
down (6) /daʊn/
n.

1 basso; rovescio ( della sorte): the ups and downs of life, gli alti e bassi della vita

2 ( football americano) «down»; gioco

● (fam.) to have a down on sb., provare avversione (o antipatia) per q.; avercela con q.
(to) down /daʊn/
v. t. (fam.)

1 trangugiare, scolarsi (fam.): to down a bottle of wine, scolarsi una bottiglia di vino: He downed his hot dog in three bites, ha trangugiato il suo hot dog in un paio di bocconi

2 mettere giù; posare: to down the ball, mettere a terra la palla

3 abbattere; atterrare

4 (mil.) abbattere ( un aereo, ecc.)

5 (fam. USA) battere, sconfiggere ( un avversario)

6 ( boxe, lotta) atterrare; mettere (o mandare) al tappeto

● to down tools, incrociare le braccia; scioperare; ( di un sindacato) proclamare lo sciopero.

* * *
I [daʊn]
avverbio

1) (from higher to lower level)

to go down — andare giù, scendere

to fall down — cadere (giù), crollare

to sit down on the floor — sedersi per terra

I'm on my way down — sto scendendo

is Tim down yet? — (from upstairs) è già sceso Tim?

down! — (to dog) a cuccia!

"down" — (in crossword) "verticali"

read down to the end of the paragraph — leggi fino alla fine del paragrafo

2) (indicating position at lower level)

down below — giù, in basso; (when looking down from height) laggiù

down here — quaggiù

two floors down — due piani sotto o più giù

it's on the second shelf down — è sul secondo scaffale partendo dall'alto

down at the bottom of the lake — giù in fondo al lago

3) (indicating direction)

to go down to Naples — andare (giù) a Napoli

down in Brighton — (giù) a Brighton

they live down south — colloq. vivono nel Sud

4) (in a range, scale, hierarchy)

children from the age of 10 down — i bambini dai dieci anni in giù

from the sixteenth century down to the present day — dal sedicesimo secolo (fino) ai giorni nostri

5) (indicating loss of money etc.)

bookings are down by a half — le prenotazioni si sono dimezzate, sono diminuite della metà

profits are well down on last year's — i profitti sono nettamente inferiori a quelli dell'anno scorso

I'm Ј 10 down — sono sotto di 10 sterline

6) (indicating reduction)

to get one's weight down — dimagrire, perdere peso

to get the price down — far ridurre il prezzo

I'm down to my last cigarette — non mi resta che una sigaretta

that's seven down, three to go! — fatti sette o via sette, ne restano tre!

7) (on list, schedule)

you're down to speak next — tu sei il prossimo a parlare

I've got you down for Thursday — (in appointment book) le ho fissato un appuntamento per giovedì

8) (incapacitated)

to be down with the flu — avere l'influenza, essere a letto con l'influenza

9) sport

to be two sets down — [ tennis player] essere in svantaggio di due set

10) (as deposit)

to pay Ј 40 down — pagare 40 sterline in contanti

11) (downwards)

face down — a faccia in giù o prono

••

it's down to you to do it — dipende da te farlo

down with tyrants! — abbasso i tiranni!
••
Note:

Down often occurs as the second element in verb combinations in English ( go down, fall down, get down, keep down, put down etc.). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (go, fall, get, keep, put etc.). - When used after such verbs as sit or lie, down implies the action being done. Compare the following examples and their translations: she is sitting = lei siede / è seduta; she is sitting down = lei si siede / si sta sedendo. - For examples and further usages, see the entry below
II [daʊn]
preposizione

1) (from higher to lower point)

to run down the hill — scendere giù dalla collina correndo

did you enjoy the journey down? — hai fatto buon viaggio?

down town — (giù) in città

2) (at a lower part of)

they live down the road — abitano più giù in questa strada

a few miles down the river from here — qualche miglio più a valle

it's down the corridor to your right — è in fondo al corridoio alla sua destra

3) (along)

to go down the street — andare lungo la strada

with buttons all down the front — abbottonato sul davanti

he looked down her throat — le ha guardato in gola

4) (throughout)

down the ages o centuries — nel corso dei secoli
III [daʊn]
aggettivo

1) colloq.

to feel down — sentersi giù, a terra

2) [ escalator] che scende; BE [ train] che va in provincia (dalla città principale)

3) inform. fuori uso, guasto
IV [daʊn]
verbo transitivo colloq.

1) abbattere, buttare a terra [ person]; abbattere [ plane]

2) (drink)

he downed his beer — si è scolato o ha tracannato la sua birra
V [daʊn]
nome

to have a down on sb. — colloq. avercela con qcn
VI [daʊn]
nome

1) (of birds) piumino m.

2) (of body, plants) lanugine f., peluria f.

English-Italian dictionary > down
15 wind

I 1. noun
1) Wind, der

be in the wind — (fig.) in der Luft liegen

see how or which way the wind blows or lies — (fig.) sehen, woher der Wind weht

sail close to or near the wind — hart am Wind segeln; (fig.) sich hart an der Grenze des Erlaubten bewegen

take the wind out of somebody's sails — (fig.) jemandem den Wind aus den Segeln nehmen

the wind[s] of change — ein frischer Wind (fig.)

2) no pl. (Mus.) (stream of air) (in organ) Wind, der; (in other instruments) Luftstrom, der; (instruments) Bläser

3)

get wind of something — (fig.) Wind von etwas bekommen

4) no pl., no indef. art. (flatulence) Blähungen

break wind — eine Blähung abgehen lassen

get/have the wind up — (coll.) Manschetten (ugs.) od. Schiss (salopp) kriegen/haben

put the wind up somebody — (coll.) jemandem Schiss machen (salopp)

5) (breath)

lose/have lost one's wind — außer Atem kommen/sein

recover or get one's wind — wieder zu Atem kommen

get one's second wind — (lit. or fig.) sich wieder steigern
2. transitive verb
außer Atem bringen

the blow winded him — der Schlag nahm ihm den Atem

be winded — außer Atem sein

he was winded by the blow to his stomach — nach dem Schlag in die Magengrube schnappte er nach Luft
II 1. intransitive verb,
wound

1) (curve) sich winden; (move) sich schlängeln

2) (coil) sich wickeln
2. transitive verb,
wound

1) (coil) wickeln; (on to reel) spulen

wind wool into a ball — Wolle zu einem Knäuel aufwickeln

wind something off something/on [to] something — etwas von etwas [ab]wickeln/auf etwas (Akk.) [auf]wickeln

wind somebody round one's finger — jemanden um den Finger wickeln (ugs.)

2) (with key etc.) aufziehen [Uhr]

3)

wind one's/its way — sich winden; sich schlängeln

4) (coil into ball) zu einem Knäuel/zu Knäueln aufwickeln

5) (surround) wickeln

he wound the injured arm in a piece of cloth — er umwickelte den verletzten Arm mit einem Tuch

6) (winch) winden

wind something with a winch — etwas mit einer Winde ziehen
3. noun
1) (curve) Windung, die

2) (turn) Umdrehung, die

give something a wind — etwas aufziehen

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/93794/wind_back">wind back

- wind down

- wind on

- wind up

* * *
I 1. [wind] noun
1) ((an) outdoor current of air: The wind is strong today; There wasn't much wind yesterday; Cold winds blow across the desert.) der Wind

2) (breath: Climbing these stairs takes all the wind out of me.) die Luft

3) (air or gas in the stomach or intestines: His stomach pains were due to wind.) die Blähung
2. verb
(to cause to be out of breath: The heavy blow winded him.) den Atem nehmen
3. adjective
((of a musical instrument) operated or played using air pressure, especially a person's breath.) Blas-...

- windy
- windiness
- windfall
- windmill
- windpipe
- windsurf
- windsurfer
- windsurfing
- windscreen
- windsock
- windsurf
- windsurfer
- windsurfing
- windswept
- get the wind up
- get wind of
- get one's second wind
- in the wind
- like the wind II past tense, past participle - wound; verb
1) (to wrap round in coils: He wound the rope around his waist and began to climb.) winden

2) (to make into a ball or coil: to wind wool.) aufwickeln

3) ((of a road etc) to twist and turn: The road winds up the mountain.) sich winden

4) (to tighten the spring of (a clock, watch etc) by turning a knob, handle etc: I forgot to wind my watch.) aufziehen

•

- winder
- winding
- wind up
- be/get wound up
* * *

wind¹

[wɪnd]

I. n

1. (current of air) Wind m

▪ against the \wind NAUT gegen den Wind, luvwärts fachspr

▪ into the \wind NAUT in den Wind

\winds up to 60 miles per hour Windstärken bis zu 60 Meilen in der Stunde

there isn't enough \wind es ist nicht windig genug

the \wind started to pick up der Wind frischte auf

the \wind is in the east/north/south/west der Wind kommt aus Osten/Norden/Süden/Westen

to have the \wind at one's back ( also fig) Rückenwind haben

a breath of \wind ein Lüftchen nt, ein Windhauch m

there wasn't a breath of \wind es regte sich kein Lüftchen

to throw caution/sb's advice to the \winds ( fig) alle Vorsicht/jds Ratschlag in den Wind schlagen

a \wind of change ( fig) ein frischer Wind

gust of \wind Windstoß m, Windböe f

to take the \wind out of sb's sails ( also fig) jdm den Wind aus den Segeln nehmen

to see which way the \wind is blowing ( also fig) sehen, woher der Wind weht

to sail close to the \wind NAUT hart am Wind segeln; ( fig) sich akk hart an der Grenze des Erlaubten bewegen

to go/run like the \wind laufen/rennen wie der Wind

to run before the \wind vor dem Wind segeln

2. no pl (breath) Atem m, Luft f

to get one's \wind wieder Luft kriegen

to knock the \wind out of sb ( fig) jdm den Atem verschlagen

3. no pl (meaningless words) leere Worte, leeres Geschwätz pej

he's full of \wind er ist ein Schaumschläger pej

4. no pl (flatulence) Blähungen pl, Winde pl euph

garlic gives me dreadful \wind von Knoblauch bekomme ich fürchterliche Blähungen

to break \wind einen fahrenlassen fam

to suffer from \wind Blähungen haben

5. MUS (in an organ) Wind m; (in other instrument) Luftstrom m

▪ the \winds die [Blech]bläser(innen) m(f)

6. (scent) Witterung f

to get \wind of sth ( fig) von etw dat Wind bekommen

there's something in the \wind ( fig) es liegt etwas in der Luft

7. BRIT, AUS ( fig: fear)

to get the \wind up Schiss kriegen oft pej derb

to put the \wind up sb jdm Angst einjagen

tell them your father's a policeman, that'll put the \wind up them! sag ihnen, dein Vater ist Polizist, dann kriegen sie Muffensausen! fam

8.

▶ it's an ill \wind that does nobody any good ( saying) an allem lässt sich auch etwas Gutes finden

▶ to raise the \wind ( dated fam) Geld auftreiben fam

▶ to be three sheets in the \wind völlig betrunken [o fam sternhagelvoll] sein

II. vt

1. (knock breath out)

▪ to \wind sb jdm den Atem nehmen

the blow to the stomach \winded me durch den Schlag in den Bauch blieb mir die Luft weg

to be/get \winded außer Atem sein/geraten

2. BRIT (bring up wind)

to \wind a baby ein Baby ein Bäuerchen machen lassen

3. (scent)

▪ to \wind sb/sth jdn/etw wittern

III. n modifier

1. energy, power, turbine Wind-

\windmill Windmühle f

2. MUS instrument, section Blas-

\wind player Bläser(in) m(f)

wind²

[waɪnd]

I. n

1. (bend) Windung f; of river Schleife f; in a road Kurve f

2. (turn) Umdrehung f

to give sth a \wind etw aufziehen

II. vt

<wound, wound>

1. (wrap)

▪ to \wind sth etw wickeln

to \wind wool/yarn into a ball Wolle/Garn zu einem Knäuel aufwickeln

▪ to \wind sth around/onto sth etw um/auf etw akk wickeln

she wound her arms around me sie schlang ihre Arme um mich

to \wind a film onto a reel einen Film auf eine Rolle spulen

▪ to \wind sth off sth etw von etw dat abwickeln

2. (cause to function)

to \wind a clock/watch eine Uhr/Armbanduhr aufziehen

3. (turn)

▪ to \wind sth etw winden [o kurbeln]

to \wind a handle eine Kurbel drehen

4. (move)

to \wind one's way sich akk schlängeln

5. (cause to move)

▪ to \wind sth etw spulen

to \wind a film/tape back[wards]/forwards einen Film/ein Band zurück-/vorspulen

III. vi

<wound, wound>

1. (meander) stream, road sich akk schlängeln

2. (coil) sich akk wickeln [o spulen]

to \wind back[wards]/forwards film, tape zurück-/vorspulen

* * *
I [wɪnd]
1. n

1) Wind m

the wind is from the east — der Wind kommt aus dem Osten or von Osten

before the wind (Naut) — vor dem Wind

into the wind (Naut) — in den Wind

to sail close to the wind (fig) — sich hart an der Grenze des Erlaubten bewegen; (Naut) hart am Wind segeln

(to run) like the wind — (rennen) wie der Wind

a wind of change (fig) — ein frischer(er) Wind

there's change in the wind — (irgend)etwas bahnt sich an or liegt in der Luft

to put the wind up sb ( Brit inf ) —

to raise the wind ( dated Brit inf ) — das nötige Kleingeld auftreiben (inf)

to see which way the wind blows (fig) — sehen, woher der Wind weht

to take the wind out of sb's sails (fig) — jdm den Wind aus den Segeln nehmen

he's full of wind (fig) — er ist ein Schaumschläger (inf), er macht viel Wind (inf)

2)

(= scent) to get wind of sth (lit, fig) — von etw Wind bekommen

3)

(compass point) to the four winds — in alle (vier) Winde

to throw caution to the winds — Bedenken in den Wind schlagen

4) (from bowel, stomach) Wind m, Blähung f

to break wind — einen Wind streichen lassen

to bring up wind — aufstoßen; (baby also) ein Bäuerchen machen

to have a touch of wind — leichte Blähungen haben

5) (= breath) Atem m, Luft f (inf)

to get one's wind back — wieder Luft bekommen or zu Atem kommen

to get one's second wind — den toten Punkt überwunden haben

he's losing his wind — ihm geht der Atem aus

sound in wind and limb — kerngesund

6) (MUS: wind instruments) Bläser pl, Blasinstrumente pl

music for wind — Blasmusik f

2. vt

1) (Brit: knock breathless) den Atem nehmen (+dat)

he was winded by the ball — der Ball nahm ihm den Atem

2) (= scent) wittern

3) horses verschnaufen lassen

4) baby ein Bäuerchen machen lassen
II [waɪnd] vb: pret, ptp wound
1. vt

1) (= twist, wrap) wool, bandage wickeln; turban etc winden; (on to a reel) spulen

2) (= turn, wind up) handle kurbeln, drehen; clock, watch, clockwork toy aufziehen

3)

(= proceed by twisting) to wind one's way — sich schlängeln

2. vi

1) (river etc) sich winden or schlängeln

2)

how does it wind? (watch) (handle) — wie herum zieht man es auf? wie dreht or kurbelt man es?

it won't wind — er/es lässt sich nicht aufziehen; (handle) er/es lässt sich nicht drehen or kurbeln

3. n

1)

I'll give the clock a wind — ich werde die Uhr aufziehen

give it one more wind — zieh es noch eine Umdrehung weiter auf; (handle) kurbele or drehe es noch einmal weiter

2) (= bend) Kehre f, Windung f

* * *

wind¹ [wınd]

A s

1. Wind m:

wind and weather permitting bei gutem Wetter;

before the wind vor dem oder im Wind;

between wind and water

a) SCHIFF zwischen Wind und Wasser,

b) fig in einer prekären Situation;

in(to) the wind’s eye gegen den Wind;

like the wind wie der Wind, schnell;

under the wind SCHIFF in Lee;

there is too much wind es ist zu windig;

there is sth in the wind fig es liegt etwas in der Luft;

be (three sheets) in the wind umg Schlagseite haben;

fling ( oder cast, throw) to the wind(s) fig außer Acht lassen, einen Rat etc in den Wind schlagen;

gain ( oder get) the wind of einem Schiff den Wind abgewinnen;

have (take) the wind of fig einen Vorteil haben (gewinnen) gegenüber, die Oberhand haben (gewinnen) über (akk);

have (get) the wind up umg Bammel oder Schiss oder Muffensausen haben (kriegen);

know how ( oder which way) the wind blows fig wissen, woher der Wind weht;

put the wind up sb umg jemandem Angst einjagen;

raise the wind bes Br umg (das nötige) Geld auftreiben;

sail close to the wind

a) SCHIFF hart am Wind segeln,

b) fig sich am Rande der Legalität oder hart an der Grenze des Erlaubten bewegen, mit einem Fuß im Gefängnis stehen;

sow the wind and reap the whirlwind Wind säen und Sturm ernten;

take the wind out of sb’s sails jemandem den Wind aus den Segeln nehmen; → ill A 1, scatter A 2

2. Sturm m

3. (Gebläse- etc) Wind m

4. a) MED (Darm)Winde pl, Blähungen pl:

break wind einen Wind abgehen lassen;

get wind Blähungen bekommen;

onions give you wind Zwiebeln blähen

b) Rülpser pl umg:

cola tends to give me wind auf Cola muss ich immer aufstoßen oder umg rülpsen

5. the wind(s pl) MUS die Bläser pl

6. JAGD Wind m, Witterung f (auch fig):

get wind of

a) wittern (akk),

b) fig Wind bekommen von;

get wind that … Wind davon bekommen, dass …

7. Atem m:

have a good wind eine gute Lunge haben;

have a long wind einen langen Atem haben (a. fig);

get one’s second wind besonders SPORT die zweite Luft bekommen;

have lost one’s wind außer Atem sein; → sound¹ A 1

8. umg leeres Geschwätz

9. Boxen: sl Magengrube f

B v/t

1. JAGD wittern

2. jemandem den Atem oder die Luft nehmen (Schlag etc):

be winded außer Atem sein

3. verschnaufen lassen

4. ein Baby aufstoßen oder (ein) Bäuerchen machen lassen

wind² [waınd]

A s

1. Windung f, Biegung f

2. Umdrehung f (beim Aufziehen einer Uhr etc)

B v/i prät und pperf wound [waʊnd]

1. sich winden oder schlängeln (auch Fluss, Straße etc)

2. sich winden oder wickeln oder schlingen ( round um)

3. a) aufgewunden oder aufgewickelt werden

b) sich aufwinden oder -wickeln lassen

C v/t

1. winden, wickeln, schlingen ( alle:

round um):

wind off (on to) a reel etwas ab-(auf)spulen; → finger A 1

2. umwickeln ( with mit)

3. oft wind up

a) auf-, hochwinden,

b) Garn etc aufwickeln, -spulen

4. oft wind up

a) eine Uhr etc aufziehen,

b) eine Saite etc spannen

5. oft wind up hochwinden, Erz fördern

6. wind o.s. schlängeln:

wind o.s. ( oder one’s way) into sb’s affection fig sich jemandes Zuneigung erschleichen, sich bei jemandem einschmeicheln

7. SCHIFF

a) wenden

b) hieven

8. a) eine Kurbel drehen

b) kurbeln:

wind up (down) ein Autofenster etc hochdrehen, -kurbeln (herunterdrehen, -kurbeln)

9. oft wind forward ( oder on) einen Film etc vor-, weiterspulen:

wind back zurückspulen

wind³ [waınd] prät und pperf wound [waʊnd], winded [ˈwaındıd] v/t poet

1. das Horn etc blasen

2. ein Hornsignal ertönen lassen

* * *
I 1. noun
1) Wind, der

be in the wind — (fig.) in der Luft liegen

see how or which way the wind blows or lies — (fig.) sehen, woher der Wind weht

sail close to or near the wind — hart am Wind segeln; (fig.) sich hart an der Grenze des Erlaubten bewegen

take the wind out of somebody's sails — (fig.) jemandem den Wind aus den Segeln nehmen

the wind[s] of change — ein frischer Wind (fig.)

2) no pl. (Mus.) (stream of air) (in organ) Wind, der; (in other instruments) Luftstrom, der; (instruments) Bläser

3)

get wind of something — (fig.) Wind von etwas bekommen

4) no pl., no indef. art. (flatulence) Blähungen

break wind — eine Blähung abgehen lassen

get/have the wind up — (coll.) Manschetten (ugs.) od. Schiss (salopp) kriegen/haben

put the wind up somebody — (coll.) jemandem Schiss machen (salopp)

5) (breath)

lose/have lost one's wind — außer Atem kommen/sein

recover or get one's wind — wieder zu Atem kommen

get one's second wind — (lit. or fig.) sich wieder steigern
2. transitive verb
außer Atem bringen

the blow winded him — der Schlag nahm ihm den Atem

be winded — außer Atem sein

he was winded by the blow to his stomach — nach dem Schlag in die Magengrube schnappte er nach Luft
II 1. intransitive verb,
wound

1) (curve) sich winden; (move) sich schlängeln

2) (coil) sich wickeln
2. transitive verb,
wound

1) (coil) wickeln; (on to reel) spulen

wind wool into a ball — Wolle zu einem Knäuel aufwickeln

wind something off something/on [to] something — etwas von etwas [ab]wickeln/auf etwas (Akk.) [auf]wickeln

wind somebody round one's finger — jemanden um den Finger wickeln (ugs.)

2) (with key etc.) aufziehen [Uhr]

3)

wind one's/its way — sich winden; sich schlängeln

4) (coil into ball) zu einem Knäuel/zu Knäueln aufwickeln

5) (surround) wickeln

he wound the injured arm in a piece of cloth — er umwickelte den verletzten Arm mit einem Tuch

6) (winch) winden

wind something with a winch — etwas mit einer Winde ziehen
3. noun
1) (curve) Windung, die

2) (turn) Umdrehung, die

give something a wind — etwas aufziehen

Phrasal Verbs:

- wind back

- wind down

- wind on

- wind up

* * *

(round) v.

wickeln (um) v. v.

(§ p.,p.p.: wound)

= abspulen v.

aufspulen v.

aufwickeln v.

drehen v.

schlängeln v.

sich winden v.

winden v.

(§ p.,pp.: wand, gewunden) n.

Wind -e m.

English-german dictionary > wind
16 Les points cardinaux

nord north N

sud south S

est east E

ouest west W

Noter que la liste des quatre points cardinaux est traditionnellement donnée dans cet ordre dans les deux langues.

nord-est northeast NE

nord-ouest northwest NW

nord-nord-est north northeast NNE

est-nord-est east northeast ENE

etc.

Dans les expressions suivantes, nord est pris comme exemple; les autres noms de points cardinaux s’utilisent de la même façon.

Où?

vivre dans le Nord

= to live in the North

dans le nord de l’Écosse

= in the north of Scotland

au nord du village

= north of the village ou to the north of the village

à 7 km au nord

= 7 kilometres north ou 7 kilometres to the north

droit au nord

= due north

la côte nord

= the north coast

la face nord (d’une montagne)

= the north face

le mur nord

= the north wall

la porte nord

= the north door

passer au nord d’Oxford

= to go north of Oxford

Les mots en - ern et - erner

Les mots anglais en -ern et -erner sont plus courants que les adjectifs français septentrional, occidental, oriental et méridional.

une ville du Nord

= a northern town

l’accent du Nord

= a northern accent

le dialecte du Nord

= the northern dialect

l’avant-poste le plus au nord

= the most northerly outpost ou the northernmost outpost

quelqu’un qui habite dans le Nord

= a northerner

un homme du Nord

= a northerner

les gens du Nord

= northerners

Les adjectifs en -ern sont normalement utilisés pour désigner des régions à l’intérieur d’un pays ou d’un continent (⇒ Les régions).

le nord de l’Europe

= northern Europe

l’est de la France

= eastern France

le sud de la Roumanie

= southern Romania

le nord d’Israël

= northern Israel

Mais noter:

l’Asie du Sud-Est

= South-East Asia

Pour les noms de pays qui utilisent les points cardinaux (Corée du Nord, Yémen du Sud), se reporter au dictionnaire.

Dans quelle direction?

Noter les adverbes en -ward ou -wards ( GB) et les adjectifs en -ward, utilisés pour indiquer une direction vague.

aller vers le nord

= to go north ou to go northward ou to go in a northerly direction

naviguer vers le nord

= to sail north ou to sail northward

venir du nord

= to come from the north

un mouvement vers le nord

= a northward mouvement

Pour décrire le déplacement d’un objet, on peut utiliser un composé avec -bound.

un bateau qui se dirige vers le nord

= a northbound ship

les véhicules qui se dirigent vers le nord

= northbound traffic

Noter aussi:

les véhicules qui viennent du nord

= traffic coming from the north

des fenêtres qui donnent au nord

= north-facing windows ou windows facing north

une pente orientée au nord

= a north-facing slope

nord quart nord-est

= north by northeast

Noter ces expressions servant à donner la direction des vents:

le vent du nord

= the north wind

un vent de nord

= a northerly wind ou a northerly

des vents dominants de nord

= prevailing north winds

le vent est au nord

= the wind is northerly ou the wind is in the north

le vent vient du nord

= the wind is blowing from the north

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > Les points cardinaux
17 Á

shall

* * *

a negative suffix to verbs, not;

era útmakligt, at it is not unmeet that.

* * *

1.

á, prep., often used elliptically, or even adverbially, [Goth. ana; Engl. on; Germ. an. In the Scandinavian idioms the liquid n is absorbed. In English the same has been supposed to happen in adverbial phrases, e. g. ‘along, away, abroad, afoot, again, agate, ahead, aloft, alone, askew, aside, astray, awry,’ etc. It is indeed true that the Ormulum in its northern dialect freq. uses o, even in common phrases, such as ‘o boke, o land, o life, o slæpe, o strande, o write, o naht, o loft,’ etc., v. the glossary; and we may compare on foot and afoot, on sleep (Engl. Vers. of Bible) and asleep; A. S. a-butan and on-butan (about); agen and ongean (again, against); on bæc, aback; on life, alive; on middan, amid. But it is more than likely that in the expressions quoted above, as well as in numberless others, as well in old as in modern English, the English a- as well as the o- of the Ormulum and the modern Scottish and north of England o- are in reality remains of this very á pronounced au or ow, which was brought by the Scandinavian settlers into the north of England. In the struggle for supremacy between the English dialects after the Conquest, the Scandinavian form á or a won the day in many cases to the exclusion of the Anglo-Saxon on. Some of these adverbs have representatives only in the Scandinavian tongues, not in Anglo-Saxon; see below, with dat. B. II, C. VII; with acc. C. I. and VI. The prep. á denotes the surface or outside; í and ór the inside; at, til, and frá, nearness measured to or from an object: á thus answers to the Gr. επί; the Lat. in includes á and i together.]

With dat. and acc.: in the first case with the notion of remaining on a place, answering to Lat. in with abl.; in the last with the notion of motion to the place, = Lat. in with acc.

WITH DAT.

A. Loc.

I. generally on, upon; á gólfi, on the floor, Nj. 2; á hendi, on the hand (of a ring), 48, 225; á palli, 50; á steini, 108; á vegg, 115; á sjá ok á landi, on sea and land. In some instances the distinction between d and i is loose and wavering, but in most cases common sense and usage decide; thus ‘á bók’ merely denotes the letters, the penmanship, ‘í’ the contents of a book; mod. usage, however, prefers ‘í,’ lesa í bók, but stafr á bók. Old writers on the other hand; á bókum Enskum, in English books, Landn. 24, but í Aldafars bók, 23 (in the book De Mensurâ Temporum, by Bede), cp. Grág. i. 76, where á is a false reading instead of at; á bréfi, the contents of a letter: of clothing or arms, mítr á höfði, sverð á hlið, mitre on head, sword on side, Fms. i. 266, viii. 404; hafa lykil á sér, on one’s person, 655 xxvii. 22; möttull á tyglum, a mantle hanging on (i. e. fastened by) laces, Fms. vii. 201: á þingi means to be present at a meeting; í þingi, to abide within a jurisdiction; á himni, á jörðu, on (Engl. in) heaven and earth, e. g. in the Lord’s Prayer, but í helviti, in hell; á Gimli, Edda (of a heavenly abode); á báti, á skipi denote crew and cargo, ‘í’ the timber or materials of which a ship is built, Eg. 385; vera í stafni á skipi, 177: á skógi, to be abroad in a wood (of a hunter, robber, deer); but to be situated (a house), at work (to fell timber), í skógi, 573, Fs. 5, Fms. iii. 122, viii. 31, xi. 1, Glúm. 330, Landn. 173; á mörkinni, Fms. i. 8, but í mörk, of a farm; á firðinum means lying in a firth, of ships or islands (on the surface of the water), þær eyjar liggja á Breiðafirði, Ld. 36; but í firði, living in a district named Firth; á landi, Nj. 98, Fms. xi. 386.

II. á is commonly used in connection with the pr. names or countries terminating in ‘land,’ Engl. in, á Englandi, Írlandi, Skotlandi, Bretlandi, Saxlandi, Vindlandi, Vínlandi, Grænalandi, Íslandi, Hálogalandi, Rogalandi, Jótlandi, Frakklandi, Hjaltlandi, Jamtalandi, Hvítramannalandi, Norðrlöndum, etc., vide Landn. and the index to Fms. xii. In old writers í is here very rare, in modern authors more frequent; taste and the context in many instances decide. An Icelander would now say, speaking of the queen or king, ‘á Englandi,’ ruling over, but to live ‘í Englandi,’ or ‘á Englandi;’ the rule in the last case not being quite fixed.

2. in connection with other names of countries: á Mæri, Vörs, Ögðum, Fjölum, all districts of Norway, v. Landn.; á Mýrum (in Icel.), á Finnmörk, Landn., á Fjóni (a Danish island); but í Danmörk, Svíþjóð (á Svíþjóðu is poët., Gs. 13).

3. before Icel. farms denoting open and elevated slopes and spaces (not too high, because then ‘at’ must be used), such as ‘staðr, völlr, ból, hjalli, bakki, heimr, eyri,’ etc.; á Veggjum, Landn. 69; á Hólmlátri, id.: those ending in ‘-staðr,’ á Geirmundarstöðum, Þórisstöðum, Jarðlangsstöðum…, Landn.: ‘-völlr,’ á Möðruvöllum: á Fitjum (the farm) í Storð (the island), í Fenhring (the island) á Aski (the farm), Landn., Eg.: ‘-nes’ sometimes takes á, sometimes í (in mod. usage always ‘í’), á Nesi, Eb. 14, or í Krossnesi, 30; in the last case the notion of island, νησος, prevails: so also, ‘fjörðr,’ as, þeir börðust á Vigrafirði (of a fight o n the ice), Landn. 101, but orusta í Hafrsfirði, 122: with ‘-bær,’ á is used in the sense of a farm or estate, hón sa á e-m bæ mikit hús ok fagrt, Edda 22; ‘í bæ’ means within doors, of the buildings: with ‘Bær’ as pr. name Landn. uses ‘í,’ 71, 160, 257, 309, 332.

4. denoting on or just above; of the sun, when the time is fixed by regarding the sun in connection with points in the horizon, a standing phrase in Icel.; sól á gjáhamri, when the sun is on the crag of the Rift, Grág. i. 26, cp. Glúm. 387; so, brú á á, a bridge on a river, Fms. viii. 179, Hrafn. 20; taka hús á e-m, to surprise one, to take the house over his head, Fms. i. 11.

III. á is sometimes used in old writers where we should now expect an acc., esp. in the phrase, leggja sverði (or the like) á e-m, or á e-m miðjum, to stab, Eg. 216, Gísl. 106, Band. 14; þá stakk Starkaðr sprotanum á konungi, then Starkad stabbed the king with the wand, Fas. iii. 34; bíta á kampi (vör), to bite the lips, as a token of pain or emotion, Nj. 209, 68; taka á e-u, to touch a thing, lay hold of it, v. taka; fá á e-u, id. (poët.); leggja hendr á (better at) síðum, in wrestling, Fms. x. 331; koma á úvart á e-m, to come on one unawares, ix. 407 (rare).

B. TEMP. of a particular point or period of time, at, on, in:

I. gener. denoting during, in the course of; á nótt, degi, nætrþeli …, Bs. i. 139; or spec. adding a pron. or an adject., á næsta sumri, the next summer; á því ári, þingi, misseri, hausti, vári, sumri …, during, in that year …, Bs. i. 679, etc.; á þrem sumrum, in the course of three summers, Grág. i. 218; á þrem várum, Fms. ii. 114; á hálfs mánaðar fresti, within half a month’s delay, Nj. 99; á tvítugs, sextugs … aldri, á barns, gamals aldri, etc., at the age of …, v. aldr: á dögum e-s, in the days of, in his reign or time, Landn. 24, Hrafn. 3, Fms. ix. 229.

II. used of a fixed recurrent period or season; á várum, sumrum, haustum, vetrum, á kveldum, every spring, summer …, in the evenings, Eg. 711, Fms. i. 23, 25, vi. 394, Landn. 292: with the numeral adverbs, cp. Lat. ter in anno, um sinn á mánuði, ári, once a month, once a year, where the Engl. a is not the article but the preposition, Grág. i. 89.

III. of duration; á degi, during a whole day, Fms. v. 48; á sjau nóttum, Bárð. 166; á því meli, during that time, in the meantime, Grág. i. 259.

IV. connected with the seasons (á vetri, sumri, vári, hausti), ‘á’ denotes the next preceding season, the last winter, summer, autumn, Eb. 40, 238, Ld. 206: in such instances ‘á’ denotes the past, ‘at’ the future, ‘í’ the present; thus í vetri in old writers means this winter; á vetri, last winter; at vetri, next winter, Eb. 68 (in a verse), etc.

C. In various other relations, more or less metaphorically, on, upon, in, to, with, towards, against:

I. denoting object, in respect of, against, almost periphrastically; dvelja á náðum e-s, under one’s protection, Fms. i. 74; hafa metnað á e-u, to be proud of, to take pride in a thing, 127.

2. denoting a personal relation, in; bæta e-t á e-m, to make amends, i. e. to one personally; misgöra e-t á e-m, to inflict wrong on one; hafa elsku (hatr) á e-m, to bear love ( hatred) to one, Fms. ix. 242; hefna sín á e-m, to take revenge on one’s person, on anyone; rjúfa sætt á e-m, to break truce on the person of any one, to offend against his person, Nj. 103; hafa sár á sér, 101; sjá á e-m, to read on or in one’s face; sér hann á hverjum manni hvárt til þín er vel eðr illa, 106; var þat brátt auðséð á hennar högum, at …, it could soon be seen in all her doings, that …, Ld. 22.

3. also generally to shew signs of a thing; sýna fáleika á sér, to shew marks of displeasure, Nj. 14, Fs. 14; taka vel, illa, lítt, á e-u, to take a thing well, ill, or indifferently, id.; finna á sér, to feel in oneself; fann lítt á honum, hvárt …, it could hardly be seen in his face, whether …, Eb. 42; líkindi eru á, it is likely, Ld. 172; göra kost á e-u, to give a choice, chance of it, 178; eiga vald á e-u, to have power over …, Nj. 10.

II. denoting encumbrance, duty, liability; er fimtardómsmál á þeim, to be subject to …, Nj. 231; the phrase, hafa e-t á hendi, or vera á hendi e-m, on one’s hands, of work or duty to be done; eindagi á fé, term, pay day, Grág. i. 140; ómagi (skylda, afvinna) á fé, of a burden or encumbrance, D. I. and Grág. in several passages.

III. with a personal pronoun, sér, mér, honum …, denoting personal appearance, temper, character, look, or the like; vera þungr, léttr … á sér, to be heavy or light, either bodily or mentally; þungr á sér, corpulent, Sturl. i. 112; kátr ok léttr á sér, of a gay and light temper, Fms. x. 152; þat bragð hafði hann á sér, he looked as if, … the expression of his face was as though …, Ld., cp. the mod. phrase, hafa á sér svip, bragð, æði, sið, of one’s manner or personal appearance, to bear oneself as, or the like; skjótr (seinn) á fæti, speedy ( slow) of foot, Nj. 258.

IV. as a periphrasis of the possessive pronoun connected with the limbs or parts of the body. In common Icel. such phrases as my hands, eyes, head … are hardly ever used, but höfuð, eyru, hár, nef, munnr, hendr, fætr … á mér; so ‘í’ is used of the internal parts, e. g. hjarta, bein … í mér; the eyes are regarded as inside the body, augun í honum: also without the possessive pronoun, or as a periphrasis for a genitive, brjóstið á e-m, one’s breast, Nj. 95, Edda 15; súrnar í augum, it smarts in my eyes, my eyes smart, Nj. 202; kviðinn á sér, its belly, 655 xxx. 5, Fms. vi. 350; hendr á henni, her hands, Gísl. (in a verse); í vörunum á honum, on his lips, Band. 14; ristin á honum, his step, Fms. viii. 141; harðr í tungu, sharp of tongue, Hallfred (Fs. 114); kalt (heitt) á fingrum, höndum, fótum …, cold ( warm) in the fingers, hands, feet …, i. e. with cold fingers, etc.; cp. also the phrase, verða vísa (orð) á munni, of extemporising verses or speeches, freq. in the Sagas; fastr á fótum, fast by the leg, of a bondsman, Nj. 27: of the whole body, díla fundu þeir á honum, 209. The pers. pron. is used only in solemn style (poetry, hymns, the Bible), and perhaps only when influenced by foreign languages, e. g. mitt hjarta hví svo hryggist þú, as a translation of ‘warumb betrübst du dich mein Herz?’ the famous hymn by Hans Sachs; instead of the popular hjartað í mér, Sl. 43, 44: hjartað mitt is only used as a term of endearment, as by a husband to his wife, parents to their child, or the like, in a metaphorical sense; the heart proper is ‘í mér,’ not ‘mitt.’

2. of other things, and as a periphrasis of a genitive, of a part belonging to the whole, e. g. dyrr á husi = húsdyrr, at the house-doors; turn á kirkju = kirkju turn; stafn, skutr, segl, árar … á skipi, the stem, stern, sail … of a ship, Fms. ix. 135; blöð á lauk, á tré …, leaves of a leek, of a tree …, Fas. i. 469; egg á sverði = sverðs egg; stafr á bók; kjölr á bók, and in endless other instances.

V. denoting instrumentality, by, on, or a-, by means of; afla fjár á hólmgöngum, to make money a-duelling, by means of duels, Eg. 498; á verkum sínum, to subsist on one’s own work, Njarð. 366: as a law term, sekjast á e-ju, to be convicted upon …, Grág. i. 123; sekst maðr þar á sínu eigini ( a man is guilty in re sua), ef hann tekr af þeim manni er heimild ( possessio) hefir til, ii. 191; falla á verkum sínum, to be killed flagranti delicto, v. above; fella e-n á bragði, by a sleight in wrestling; komast undan á flótta, to escape by flight, Eg. 11; á hlaupi, by one’s feet, by speed, Hkr. ii. 168; lifa á e-u, to feed on; bergja á e-u, to taste of a thing; svala sér á e-u, to quench the thirst on.

VI. with subst. numerals; á þriðja tigi manna, up to thirty, i. e. from about twenty to thirty, Ld. 194; á öðru hundraði skipa, from one to two hundred sail strong, Fms. x. 126; á níunda tigi, between eighty and ninety years of age, Eg. 764, v. above: used as prep., á hendi, on one’s hand, i. e. bound to do it, v. hönd.

VII. in more or less adverbial phrases it may often be translated in Engl. by a participle and a- prefixed; á lopti, aloft; á floti, afloat; á lífi, alive; á verðgangi, a-begging; á brautu, away; á baki, a-back, behind, past; á milli, a-tween; á laun, alone, secretly; á launungu, id.; á móti, against; á enda, at an end, gone; á huldu, hidden; fara á hæli, to go a-heel, i. e. backwards, Fms. vii. 70;—but in many cases these phrases are transl. by the Engl. partic. with a, which is then perh. a mere prefix, not a prep., á flugi, a-flying in the air, Nj. 79; vera á gangi, a-going; á ferli, to be about; á leiki, a-playing, Fms. i. 78; á sundi, a-swimming, ii. 27; á verði, a-watching, x. 201; á hrakningi, a-wandering; á reiki, a-wavering; á skjálfi, a-shivering; á-hleri, a-listening; á tali, a-talking, Ísl. ii. 200; á hlaupi, a-running, Hkr. ii. 268; á verki, a-working; á veiðum, a-hunting; á fiski, a-fishing; á beit, grazing: and as a law term it even means in flagranti, N. G. L. i. 348.

VIII. used absolutely without a case in reference to the air or the weather, where ‘á’ is almost redundant; þoka var á mikil, a thick fog came on, Nj. 267; niðamyrkr var á, pitch darkness came on, Eg. 210; allhvast á norðan, a very strong breeze from the north, Fms. ix. 20; þá var á norðrænt, a north wind came on, 42, Ld. 56; hvaðan sem á er, from whatever point the wind is; var á hríð veðrs, a snow storm came on, Nj. 282; görði á regn, rain came on, Fms. vi. 394, xi. 35, Ld. 156.

WITH ACC.

A. Loc.

I. denoting simple direction towards, esp. connected with verbs of motion, going, or the like; hann gékk á bergsnös, Eg. 389; á hamar, Fas. ii. 517.

2. in phrases denoting direction; liggja á útborða, lying on the outside of the ship, Eg. 354; á annat borð skipinu, Fms. vii. 260; á bæði borð, on both sides of the ship, Nj. 124, Ld. 56; á tvær hliðar, on both sides, Fms. v. 73. Ísl. ii. 159; á hlið, sidewards; út á hlið, Nj. 262, Edda 44; á aðra hönd henni, Nj. 50, Ld. 46; höggva á tvær hendr, to hew or strike right and left, Ísl. ii. 368, Fas. i. 384, Fms. viii. 363, x. 383.

3. upp á, upon; hann tók augu Þjaza ok kastaði upp á himin, Edda 47: with verbs denoting to look, see, horfa, sjá, líta, etc.; hann rak skygnur á land, he cast glances towards the land, Ld. 154.

II. denoting direction with or without the idea of arriving:

1. with verbs denoting to aim at; of a blow or thrust, stefna á fótinn, Nj. 84; spjótið stefnir á hann miðjan, 205: of the wind, gékk veðrit á vestr, the wind veered to west, Fms. ix. 28; sigla á haf, to stand out to sea, Hkr. i. 146, Fms. i. 39: with ‘út’ added, Eg. 390, Fms. x. 349.

2. conveying the notion of arriving, or the intervening space being traversed; spjótið kom á miðjan skjöldinn, Eg. 379, Nj. 96, 97; langt upp á land, far up inland, Hkr. i. 146: to reach, taka ofan á belti, of the long locks of a woman, to reach down to the belt, Nj. 2; ofan á bringu, 48; á þa ofan, 91.

III. without reference to the space traversed, connected with verbs denoting to go, turn, come, ride, sail, throw, or the like, motion of every kind; hann kastar honum á völlinn, he flings him down, Nj. 91; hlaupa á skip sitt, to leap on board his ship, 43; á hest, to mount quickly, Edda 75; á lend hestinum, Nj. 91; hann gengr á sáðland sitt, he walks on to his fields, 82: on, upon, komast á fætr, to get upon one’s legs, 92; ganga á land, to go a-shore, Fms. i. 40; ganga á þing, vii. 242, Grág. (often); á skóg, á merkr ok skóga, into a wood, Fb. i. 134, 257, Fms. xi. 118, Eg. 577, Nj. 130; fara á Finnmörk, to go travelling in Finmark, Fms. i. 8; koma, fara á bæ, to arrive at the farm-house; koma á veginn, Eg. 578; stíga á bát, skip, to go on board, 158; hann gékk upp á borg, he went up to the burg (castle), 717; en er þeir komu á loptriðið, 236; hrinda skipum á vatn, to float the ships down into the water, Fms. i. 58; reka austr á haf, to drift eastwards on the sea, x. 145; ríða ofan á, to ride down or over, Nj. 82.

IV. in some cases the acc. is used where the dat. would be used, esp. with verbs denoting to see or hear, in such phrases as, þeir sá boða mikinn inn á fjörðinn, they saw great breakers away up in the bight of the firth, the acc. being due perhaps to a motion or direction of the eye or ear towards the object, Nj. 124; sá þeir fólkit á land, they saw the people in the direction of land, Fas. ii. 517: in phrases denoting to be placed, to sit, to be seated, the seat or bench is freq. in the acc. where the dat. would now be used; konungr var þar á land upp, the king was then up the country, the spectator or narrator is conceived as looking from the shore or sea-side, Nj. 46; sitja á miðjan bekk, to be seated on the middle bench, 50; skyldi konungs sæti vera á þann bekk … annat öndvegi var á hinn úæðra pall; hann setti konungs hásæti á miðjan þverpall, Fms. vi. 439, 440, cp. Fagrsk. l. c., Sturl. iii. 182; eru víða fjallbygðir upp á mörkina, in the mark or forest, Eg. 58; var þar mörk mikil á land upp, 229; mannsafnaðr er á land upp (viewed from the sea), Ld. 76; stóll var settr á mótið, Fas. i. 58; beiða fars á skip, to beg a passage, Grág. i. 90.

V. denoting parts of the body; bíta e-n á barka, to bite one in the throat, Ísl. ii. 447; skera á háls, to cut the throat of any one, Nj. 156; brjóta e-n á háls, to break any one’s neck; brjóta e-n á bak, to break any one’s back, Fms. vii. 119; kalinn á kné, frozen to the knees with cold, Hm. 3.

VI. denoting round; láta reipi á háls hesti, round his horse’s neck, 623. 33; leggja söðul á hest, Nj. 83; and ellipt., leggja á, to saddle; breiða feld á hofuð sér, to wrap a cloak over his head, 164; reyta á sik mosa, to gather moss to cover oneself with, 267; spenna hring á hönd, á fingr, Eg. 300.

VII. denoting a burden; stela mat á tvá hesta, hey á fimtán hesta, i. e. a two, a fifteen horse load, Nj. 74: metaph., kjósa feigð á menn, to choose death upon them, i. e. doom them to death, Edda 22.

B. TEMP.

I. of a period of time, at, to; á morgun, to-morrow (í morgun now means the past morning, the morning of to-day), Ísl. ii. 333.

II. if connected with the word day, ‘á’ is now used before a fixed or marked day, a day of the week, a feast day, or the like; á Laugardag, á Sunnudag …, on Saturday, Sunday, the Old Engl. a-Sunday, a-Monday, etc.; á Jóladaginn, Páskadaginn, on Yule and Easter-day; but in old writers more often used ellipt. Sunnudaginn, Jóladaginn …, by dropping the prep. ‘á,’ Fms. viii. 397, Grág. i. 18.

III. connected with ‘dagr’ with the definite article suffixed, ‘á’ denotes a fixed, recurring period or season, in; á daginn, during the day-time, every day in turn, Grett. 91 A.

IV. connected with ‘evening, morning, the seasons,’ with the article; á kveldit, every evening, Ld. 14; á sumarit, every summer, Vd. 128, where the new Ed. Fs. 51 reads sumrum; á haust, every autumn, Eg. 741 (perh. a misprint instead of á haustin or á haustum); á vetrinn, in the winter time, 710; á várit, every spring, Gþl. 347; the sing., however, is very rare in such cases, the old as well as mod. usage prefers the plur.; á nætrnar, by night, Nj. 210; á várin, Eg. 710; á sumrin, haustin, á morgnana, in the morning (á morgin, sing., means to-morrow); á kveldin, in the evening, only ‘dagr’ is used in sing., v. above (á daginn, not á dagana); but elliptically and by dropping the article, Icelanders say, kveld og morgna, nótt og dag, vetr sumar vor og haust, in the same sense as those above mentioned.

V. denoting duration, the article is dropped in the negative phrase, aldri á sinn dag, never during one’s life; aldri á mína daga, never in my life, Bjarn. 8, where a possess. pron. is put between noun and prep., but this phrase is very rare. Such phrases as, á þann dag, that day, and á þenna dag, Stj. 12, 655 xxx. 2. 20, are unclassical.

VI. á dag without article can only be used in a distributive sense, e. g. tvisvar á dag, twice a-day; this use is at present freq. in Icel., yet instances from old writers are not on record.

VII. denoting a movement onward in time, such as, liðið á nótt, dag, kveld, morgun, sumar, vetr, vár, haust (or nóttina, daginn …), jól, páska, föstu, or the like, far on in the night, day …, Edda 33; er á leið vetrinn, when the winter was well on, as the winter wore on, Nj. 126; cp. áliðinn: also in the phrase, hniginn á inn efra aldr, well stricken in years, Ld. 68.

C. Metaph. and in various relations:

I. somewhat metaphorically, denoting an act only (not the place); fara á fund, á vit e-s, to call for one, Eg. 140; koma á ræðu við e-n, to come to a parley with, to speak, 173; ganga á tal, Nj. 103; skora á hólm, to challenge to a duel on an island; koma á grið, to enter into a service, to be domiciled, Grág. i. 151; fara á veiðar, to go a-hunting, Fms. i. 8.

β. generally denoting on, upon, in, to; bjóða vöxtu á féit, to offer interest on the money, Grág. i. 198; ganga á berhögg, to come to blows, v. berhögg; fá á e-n, to make an impression upon one, Nj. 79; ganga á vápn e-s, to throw oneself on an enemy’s weapon, meet him face to face, Rd. 310; ganga á lagið, to press on up the spear-shaft after it has passed through one so as to get near one’s foe, i. e. to avail oneself of the last chance; bera fé á e-n, to bribe, Nj. 62; bera öl á e-n, to make drunk, Fas. i. 13; snúinn á e-t, inclined to, Fms. x. 142; sammælast á e-t, to agree upon, Nj. 86; sættast, verða sáttr á e-t, in the same sense, to come to an agreement, settlement, or atonement, 78, Edda 15, Eb. 288, Ld. 50, Fms. i. 279; ganga á mála, to serve for pay as a soldier, Nj. 121; ganga á vald e-s, to put oneself in his power, 267; ganga á sætt, to break an agreement; vega á veittar trygðir, to break truce, Grág. ii. 169.

II. denoting in regard to, in respect to:

1. of colour, complexion, the hue of the hair, or the like; hvítr, jarpr, dökkr … á hár, having white, brown, or dark … hair, Ísl. ii. 190, Nj. 39; svartr á brún ok brá, dark of brow and eyebrow; dökkr á hörund, id., etc.

2. denoting skill, dexterity; hagr á tré, a good carpenter; hagr á járn, málm, smíðar …, an expert worker in iron, metals …, Eg. 4; fimr á boga, good at the bow: also used of mastership in science or arts, meistari á hörpuslátt, a master in striking the harp, Fas. iii. 220; fræðimaðr á kvæði, knowing many poems by heart, Fms. vi. 391; fræðimaðr á landnámssögur ok forna fræði, a learned scholar in histories and antiquities (of Are Frode), Ísl. ii. 189; mikill á íþrótt, skilful in an art, Edda (pref.) 148; but dat. in the phrase, kunna (vel) á skíðum, to be a cunning skater, Fms. i. 9, vii. 120.

3. denoting dimensions; á hæð, lengd, breidd, dýpt …, in the heighth, length, breadth, depth …, Eg. 277; á hvern veg, on each side, Edda 41 (square miles); á annan veg, on the one side, Grág. i. 89.

β. the phrase, á sik, in regard to oneself, vel (illa) á sik kominn, of a fine ( ugly) appearance, Ld. 100, Fas. iii. 74.

III. denoting instrumentality; bjargast á sínar hendr, to live on the work of one’s own hands, (á sínar spýtur is a mod. phrase in the same sense); (vega) á skálir, pundara, to weigh in scales, Grág. ii. 370; at hann hefði tvá pundara, ok hefði á hinn meira keypt en á hinn minna selt, of a man using two scales, a big one for buying and a little one for selling, Sturl. i. 91; á sinn kostnað, at one’s own expense; nefna e-n á nafn, by name, Grág. i. 17, etc. The Icel. also say, spinna á rokk, snældu, to spin on or with a rock or distaff; mala á kvern, to grind in a ‘querne,’ where Edda 73 uses dat.; esp. of musical instruments, syngja, leika á hljóðfæri, hörpu, gígju …; in the old usage, leika hörpu …, Stj. 458.

IV. denoting the manner or way of doing:

1. á þessa lund, in this wise, Grág. ii. 22; á marga vega, á alla, ymsa vega, in many, all, respects, Fms. i. 114; á sitt hóf, in its turn, respectively, Ld. 136, where the context shews that the expression answers to the Lat. mutatis mutandis; á Þýðersku, after German fashion, Sks. 288.

2. esp. of language; mæla, rita á e-a tungu, to speak, write in a tongue; á Írsku, in Irish, Ld. 76; Norrænu, in Norse, Eb. 330, Vm. 35; a Danska tungu, in Danish, i. e. Scandinavian, Norse, or Icelandic, Grág. i. 18; á Vára tungu, i. e. in Icelandic, 181; rita á Norræna tungu, to write in Norse, Hkr. (pref.), Bs. i. 59:—at present, dat. is sometimes used.

3. in some phrases the acc. is used instead of the dat.; hann sýndi á sik mikit gaman, Fms. x. 329; hann lét ekki á sik finna, he shewed no sign of motion, Nj. 111; skaltú önga fáleika á þik gera (Cod. Kalf.), 14.

V. used in a distributive sense; skal mörk kaupa gæzlu á kú, eðr oxa fim vetra gamlan, a mark for every cow, Grág. i. 147; alin á hvert hross, 442; á mann, per man (now freq.): cp. also á dag above, lit. B.

VI. connected with nouns,

1. prepositional; á hendr (with dat.), against; á hæla, at heel, close behind; á bak, at back, i. e. past, after; á vit (with gen.), towards.

2. adverbially; á braut, away, abroad; á víxl, in turns; á mis, amiss; á víð ok dreif, a-wide and a-drift, i. e. dispersedly.

3. used almost redundantly before the following prep.; á eptir, after, behind; á undan, in front of; á meðal, á milli, among; á mót, against; á við, about, alike; á frá (cp. Swed. ifrån), from (rare); á fyrir = fyrir, Haustl. 1; á hjá, beside (rare); á fram, a-head, forwards; á samt, together; ávalt = of allt, always: following a prep., upp á, upon; niðr á, down upon; ofan á, eptir á, post eventum, (temp.) á eptir is loc., id., etc.

VII. connected with many transitive verbs, answering to the Lat. ad- or in-, in composition, in many cases periphrastically for an objective case. The prep. generally follows after the verb, instead of being prefixed to it as in Lat., and answers to the Engl. on, to; heita kalla, hrópa á, to call on; heyra, hlusta, hlyða á, to hearken to, listen to; hyggja, hugsa á, to think on; minna á, to remind; sjá, líta, horfa, stara, mæna, glápa, koma auga … á, to look on; girnast á, to wish for; trúa á, to believe on; skora á, to call on any one to come out, challenge; kæra á, to accuse; heilsa á, to greet; herja, ganga, ríða, hlaupa, ráða … á, to fall on, attack, cp. ágangr, áreið, áhlaup; ljúga á, to tell lies of, to slander; telja á, to carp at; ausa, tala, hella, kasta, verpa … á, to pour, throw on; ríða, bera, dreifa á, to sprinkle on; vanta, skorta á, to fall short of; ala á, to plead, beg; leggja á, to throw a spell on, lay a saddle on; hætta á, to venture on; gizka á, to guess at; kveða á, to fix on, etc.: in a reciprocal sense, haldast á, of mutual strife; sendast á, to exchange presents; skrifast á, to correspond (mod.); kallast á, to shout mutually; standast á, to coincide, so as to be just opposite one another, etc.

2.

f. [Lat. aqua; Goth. ahva; Hel. aha; A. S. eâ; O. H. G. aha, owa; cp. Germ. ach and aue; Fr. eau, eaux; Engl. Ax-, Ex-, etc., in names of places; Swed.-Dan. å; the Scandinavians absorb the hu, so that only a single vowel or diphthong remains of the whole word]:—a river. The old form in nom. dat. acc. sing. is , v. the introduction to A, page 1, Bs. i. 333 sq., where ́n, ́ (acc.), and ́na; so also Greg. 677; the old fragm. of Grág. ii. 222, 223, new Ed. In the Kb. of the Edda the old form occurs twice, viz. page 75, ́na (acc.), (but two lines below, ána), í ́nni (dat.) The old form also repeatedly occurs in the Kb. and Sb. of the Grág., e. g. ii. 266, 267: gen. sing. ár; nom. pl. ár, gen. á contracted, dat. ám, obsolete form ́m; Edda 43, Eg. 80, 99, 133, 185: proverbs, at ósi skal á stemma, answering to the Lat. principiis obsta, Edda 60; hér kemr á til sæfar, here the river runs into the sea, metaph. = this is the very end, seems to have been a favourite ending of old poems; it is recorded in the Húsdrápa and the Norðsetadrápa, v. Edda 96, Skálda 198; cp. the common saying, oil vötn renna til sævar, ‘all waters run into the sea.’ Rivers with glacier water are in Icel. called Hvítá, White river, or Jökulsá: Hitá, Hot river, from a hot spring, opp. to Kaldá, v. Landn.: others take a name from the fish in them, as Laxá, Lax or Salmon river (freq.); Örriða á, etc.: a tributary river is þverá, etc.: ár in the Njála often means the great rivers Ölfusá and Þjórsá in the south of Iceland. Áin helga, a river in Sweden, Hkr. ii: á is also suffixed to the names of foreign rivers, Tempsá = Thames; Dóná, Danube (Germ. Don-au), (mod.), etc. Vide Edda (Gl.) 116, 117, containing the names of over a hundred North-English and Scottish rivers.

COMPDS: áráll, árbakki, árbrot, ardjúp, árfarvegr, árfors, árgljúfr, árhlutr, ármegin, árminni, ármót, áróss, árreki, árstraumr, árströnd, árvað, árvegr, árvöxtr.

Íslensk-ensk orðabók > Á
18 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom

SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Land transport, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Ports and shipping, Public utilities, Railways and locomotives

[br]

b. 9 April 1806 Portsea, Hampshire, England

d. 15 September 1859 18 Duke Street, St James's, London, England

[br]

English civil and mechanical engineer.

[br]

The son of Marc Isambard Brunel and Sophia Kingdom, he was educated at a private boarding-school in Hove. At the age of 14 he went to the College of Caen and then to the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris, after which he was apprenticed to Louis Breguet. In 1822 he returned from France and started working in his father's office, while spending much of his time at the works of Maudslay, Sons \& Field.

From 1825 to 1828 he worked under his father on the construction of the latter's Thames Tunnel, occupying the position of Engineer-in-Charge, exhibiting great courage and presence of mind in the emergencies which occurred not infrequently. These culminated in January 1828 in the flooding of the tunnel and work was suspended for seven years. For the next five years the young engineer made abortive attempts to find a suitable outlet for his talents, but to little avail. Eventually, in 1831, his design for a suspension bridge over the River Avon at Clifton Gorge was accepted and he was appointed Engineer. (The bridge was eventually finished five years after Brunel's death, as a memorial to him, the delay being due to inadequate financing.) He next planned and supervised improvements to the Bristol docks. In March 1833 he was appointed Engineer of the Bristol Railway, later called the Great Western Railway. He immediately started to survey the route between London and Bristol that was completed by late August that year. On 5 July 1836 he married Mary Horsley and settled into 18 Duke Street, Westminster, London, where he also had his office. Work on the Bristol Railway started in 1836. The foundation stone of the Clifton Suspension Bridge was laid the same year. Whereas George Stephenson had based his standard railway gauge as 4 ft 8½ in (1.44 m), that or a similar gauge being usual for colliery wagonways in the Newcastle area, Brunel adopted the broader gauge of 7 ft (2.13 m). The first stretch of the line, from Paddington to Maidenhead, was opened to traffic on 4 June 1838, and the whole line from London to Bristol was opened in June 1841. The continuation of the line through to Exeter was completed and opened on 1 May 1844. The normal time for the 194-mile (312 km) run from Paddington to Exeter was 5 hours, at an average speed of 38.8 mph (62.4 km/h) including stops. The Great Western line included the Box Tunnel, the longest tunnel to that date at nearly two miles (3.2 km).

Brunel was the engineer of most of the railways in the West Country, in South Wales and much of Southern Ireland. As railway networks developed, the frequent break of gauge became more of a problem and on 9 July 1845 a Royal Commission was appointed to look into it. In spite of comparative tests, run between Paddington-Didcot and Darlington-York, which showed in favour of Brunel's arrangement, the enquiry ruled in favour of the narrow gauge, 274 miles (441 km) of the former having been built against 1,901 miles (3,059 km) of the latter to that date. The Gauge Act of 1846 forbade the building of any further railways in Britain to any gauge other than 4 ft 8 1/2 in (1.44 m).

The existence of long and severe gradients on the South Devon Railway led to Brunel's adoption of the atmospheric railway developed by Samuel Clegg and later by the Samuda brothers. In this a pipe of 9 in. (23 cm) or more in diameter was laid between the rails, along the top of which ran a continuous hinged flap of leather backed with iron. At intervals of about 3 miles (4.8 km) were pumping stations to exhaust the pipe. Much trouble was experienced with the flap valve and its lubrication—freezing of the leather in winter, the lubricant being sucked into the pipe or eaten by rats at other times—and the experiment was abandoned at considerable cost.

Brunel is to be remembered for his two great West Country tubular bridges, the Chepstow and the Tamar Bridge at Saltash, with the latter opened in May 1859, having two main spans of 465 ft (142 m) and a central pier extending 80 ft (24 m) below high water mark and allowing 100 ft (30 m) of headroom above the same. His timber viaducts throughout Devon and Cornwall became a feature of the landscape. The line was extended ultimately to Penzance.

As early as 1835 Brunel had the idea of extending the line westwards across the Atlantic from Bristol to New York by means of a steamship. In 1836 building commenced and the hull left Bristol in July 1837 for fitting out at Wapping. On 31 March 1838 the ship left again for Bristol but the boiler lagging caught fire and Brunel was injured in the subsequent confusion. On 8 April the ship set sail for New York (under steam), its rival, the 703-ton Sirius, having left four days earlier. The 1,340-ton Great Western arrived only a few hours after the Sirius. The hull was of wood, and was copper-sheathed. In 1838 Brunel planned a larger ship, some 3,000 tons, the Great Britain, which was to have an iron hull.

The Great Britain was screwdriven and was launched on 19 July 1843,289 ft (88 m) long by 51 ft (15.5 m) at its widest. The ship's first voyage, from Liverpool to New York, began on 26 August 1845. In 1846 it ran aground in Dundrum Bay, County Down, and was later sold for use on the Australian run, on which it sailed no fewer than thirty-two times in twenty-three years, also serving as a troop-ship in the Crimean War. During this war, Brunel designed a 1,000-bed hospital which was shipped out to Renkioi ready for assembly and complete with shower-baths and vapour-baths with printed instructions on how to use them, beds and bedding and water closets with a supply of toilet paper! Brunel's last, largest and most extravagantly conceived ship was the Great Leviathan, eventually named The Great Eastern, which had a double-skinned iron hull, together with both paddles and screw propeller. Brunel designed the ship to carry sufficient coal for the round trip to Australia without refuelling, thus saving the need for and the cost of bunkering, as there were then few bunkering ports throughout the world. The ship's construction was started by John Scott Russell in his yard at Millwall on the Thames, but the building was completed by Brunel due to Russell's bankruptcy in 1856. The hull of the huge vessel was laid down so as to be launched sideways into the river and then to be floated on the tide. Brunel's plan for hydraulic launching gear had been turned down by the directors on the grounds of cost, an economy that proved false in the event. The sideways launch with over 4,000 tons of hydraulic power together with steam winches and floating tugs on the river took over two months, from 3 November 1857 until 13 January 1858. The ship was 680 ft (207 m) long, 83 ft (25 m) beam and 58 ft (18 m) deep; the screw was 24 ft (7.3 m) in diameter and paddles 60 ft (18.3 m) in diameter. Its displacement was 32,000 tons (32,500 tonnes).

The strain of overwork and the huge responsibilities that lay on Brunel began to tell. He was diagnosed as suffering from Bright's disease, or nephritis, and spent the winter travelling in the Mediterranean and Egypt, returning to England in May 1859. On 5 September he suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed, and he died ten days later at his Duke Street home.

[br]

Further Reading

L.T.C.Rolt, 1957, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, London: Longmans Green. J.Dugan, 1953, The Great Iron Ship, Hamish Hamilton.

IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
19 FYRIR

for

* * *

prep.

I. with dat.

1) before, in front of (ok vóru fyrir honum borin merkin);

fyrir dyrum, before the door;

2) before one, in one’s presence;

hón nefndist fyrir þeim Gunnhildr, she told them that her name was G.;

3) for;

hann lét ryðja fyrir þeim búðina, he had the booth cleared for them, for their reception;

4) before one, in one’s way;

fjörðr varð fyrir þeim, they came to a fjord;

sitja fyrir e-m, to lie in wait for one;

5) naut. term. before, off;

liggja fyrir bryggjum, to lie off the piers;

fyrir Humru-mynni, off the Humber;

6) before, at the head of, over;

vera fyrir liði, to be over the troops;

vera fyrir máli, to lead the case;

sitja fyrir svörum, to undertake the defence;

7) of time, ago;

fyrir þrem nóttum, three nights ago;

fyrir stundu, a while ago;

fyrir löngu, long ago;

vera fyrir e-u, to forebode (of a dream);

8) before, above, superior to;

Hálfdan svarti var fyrir þeim brœðrum, H. was the foremost of the brothers;

9) denoting disadvantige, harm, suffering;

þú lætr Egil vefja öll mál fyrir þér, thou lettest E. thwart all thy affairs;

tók at eyðast fyrir herm lausa-fé, her money began to fail;

10) denoting obstacle, hindrance;

mikit gøri þer mér fyrir þessu máli, you make this case hard for me;

varð honum lítit fyrir því, it was a small matter for him;

Ásgrími þótti þungt fyrir, A. thought that things looked bad;

11) because of, for;

hon undi sér hvergri fyrir verkjum, she had no rest for pains;

fyrir hræðslu, for fear;

illa fœrt fyrir ísum, scarcely, passable for ice;

gáðu þeir eigi fyrir veiðum at fá heyjanna, because of fishing, they neglected to make hay;

fyrir því at, because, since, as;

12) against;

gæt þín vel fyrir konungi ok hans mönnum, guard thee well against the king and his men;

beiða griða Baldri fyrir alls konar háska, against all kinds of harm;

13) fyrir sér, of oneself;

mikill fyrir sér, strong, powerful;

minnstr fyrir sér, smallest, weakest;

14) denoting manner or quality, with;

hvítr fyrir hærum, while with hoary hair;

II. with acc.

1) before, in front of;

halda fyrir augu sér, to hold (one’s hands) before one’s eyes;

2) before, into the presence of;

stefna e-m fyrir dómstól, before a court;

3) over;

hlaupa fyrir björg, to leap over a precipice;

kasta fyrir borð, to throw overboard;

4) in one’s way, crossing one’s way;

ríða á leið fyrir þá, to ride in their way, so as to meet them;

5) round, off;

sigla fyrir nes, to weather a point;

6) along, all along;

fyrir endilangan Noreg, all along Norway, from one end to the other;

draga ör fyrir odd, to draw the arrow past the point;

7) of time, fyrir dag, before day;

fyrir e-s minni, before one’s memory;

8) for, on behalf of;

vil ek bjóða at fara fyrir þik, I will offer to go for thee, in thy stead;

lögvörn fyrir mál, a lawful defence for a case;

9) for, for the benefit of;

þeir skáru fyrir þá melinn, they cut the lyme-grass for them (the horses);

10) for, instead of, in place of, as;

11) for, because of (vilja Gunnar dauðan fyrir höggit);

fyrir þín orð, for thy words (intercession);

fyrir sína vinsæld, by reason of his popularity;

12) denoting value, price;

fyrir þrjár merkr, for three marks;

fyrir hvern mun, by all means, at any cost;

13) in spite of, against (giptast fyrir ráð e-s);

14) joined with adverbs ending in -an, governing acc. (fyrir austan, vestan, sunnan, norðan, útan innan, framan, handan, ofan, neðan);

fyrir austan, sunnan fjall, east, south of the fell;

fyrir neðan brú, below the bridge;

fyrir handan á, beyond the river;

fyrir innan garð, inside the fence;

III. as adverb or ellipt.

1) ahead, before, opp. to eptir;

þá var eigi hins verra eptir ván, er slíkt fór fyrir, when this came first, preceded;

2) first;

mun ek þar eptir gera sem þér gerit fyrir, I shall do to you according as you do first;

3) at hand, present, to the fore;

föng þau, er fyrir vóru, stores that were at hand;

þar var fyrir fjöldi boðsmanna, a host of guests was already present (before the bride and bridegroom came);

4) e-m verðr e-t fyrir, one takes a certain step, acts so and so;

Kolbeini varð ekki fyrir, K. was at a loss what to do;

e-t mælist vel (illa) fyrir, a thing is well (ill) spoken or reported of (kvæðit mæltist vel fyrir).

* * *

prep., in the Editions spelt differently; in MSS. this word is usually abbreviated either  (i. e. firir), or Ꝼ̆, fur͛, fvr͛ (i. e. fyrir); in some MSS. it is idiomatically spelt with i, fir͛, e. g. Arna-Magn. 382 (Bs. i. 263 sqq.); and even in the old Miracle-book Arna-Magn. 645 (Bs. i. 333 sqq.), just as ifir is written for yfir ( over); in a few MSS. it is written as a monosyllable fyr, e. g. D. I. i. 475, Mork. passim; in Kb. (Sæm.-Edda) occurs fyr telia, Vsp. I; fyr norðan, 36; fyr dyrum, Gm. 22; fyr vestan ver, Hkv. 2. 8; in other places as a dissyll. fyrir, e. g. Hm. 56, Gm. 54, Skm. 34, Ls. 15, Am. 64, Hkv. 2. 2, 19 (quoted from Bugge’s edition, see his preface, p. xvi); fyr and fyrir stand to one another in the same relation as ept to eptir, und to undir, of ( super) to yfir: this monosyllabic form is obsolete, save in the compds, where ‘for-’ is more common than ‘fyrir-;’ in some cases both forms are used, e. g. for-dæming and fyrir-dæming; in others only one, but without any fixed rule: again, the forms fyri, fyre, or fire, which are often used in Edd., are just as wrong, as if one were to say epti, undi, yfi; yet this spelling is found now and then in MSS., as, fyre, Ó. H. (facsimile); fire, Grág. Sb. ii. 288 (also facsimile): the particles í and á are sometimes added, í fur, Fms. iv. 137; í fyrir, passim; á fur, Haustl. 1. [Ulf. faur and faura; A. S. fore and for; Engl. for and fore-; Germ. für and vor; Dan. for; Swed. för; Gr. προ-; Lat. pro, prae.]

WITH DAT., chiefly without the notion of movement.

A. LOCAL:

I. before, in front of; fyrir dyrum, before the doors, at the doors, Nj. 14, Vsp. 53, Hm. 69, Edda 130; niðr f. smiðju-dyrum, Eg. 142:—ahead, úti fyrir búðinni, Nj. 181; kómusk sauðirnir upp á fjallit f. þeim, ahead of them, 27; vóru fyrir honum borin merkin, the banner was borne before him, 274; göra orð fyrir sér, to send word before one, Fms. vii. 207, Hkr. iii. 335 (Ó. H. 201, l. c., frá sér):—also denoting direction, niðri í eldinum f. sér, beneath in the fire before them, Nj. 204; þeir sá f. sér bæ mikinn, they saw before them a great building, i. e. they came to a great house, Eg. 546; öðrum f. sér ( in front) en öðrum á bak sér, Grág. i. 5.

2. before one, before one’s face, in one’s presence; úhelgaða ek Otkel f. búum, before the neighbours, Nj. 87; lýsi ek f. búum fimm, 218; lýsa e-u ( to proclaim) f. e-m, Ld. 8; hann hermdi boð öll f. Gizuri, Nj. 78; hón nefndisk f. þeim Gunnhildr, told them that her name was G., Fms. i. 8; kæra e-t f. e-m, Ó. H. 60; slíkar fortölur hafði hann f. þeim, Nj. 200; the saying, því læra börnin málið að það er f. þeim haft, bairns learn to speak because it is done before them, i. e. because they hear it; hafa gott (íllt) f. e-m, to give a good (bad) example, e. g. in the presence of children; lifa vel f. Guði, to live well before God, 623. 29; stór ábyrgðar-hluti f. Guði, Nj. 199; sem þeir sjá réttast f. Guði, Grág. i. (pref.); fyrir öllum þeim, Hom. 89; á laun f. öðrum mönnum, hidden from other men, unknown to them, Grág. i. 337, Jb. 378; nú skaltú vera vin minn mikill f. húsfreyju minni, i. e. when you talk to my wife, Nj. 265; fyrir Drottni, before the Lord, Merl. 2. 78.

3. denoting reception of guests, visitors; hann lét ryðja f. þeim búðina, he had the room cleared for them, for their reception, Nj. 228; Valhöll ryðja fyr vegnu fólki, i. e. to clear Valhalla for slain folk, Em. I; ryðja vígvöll f. vegundum, Nj. 212; ljúka upp f. e-m, to open the door for one, Fms. xi. 323, Stj. 5; rýma pallinn f. þeim, Eg. 304; hann lét göra eld f. þeim, he had a fire made for them, 204; þeir görðu eld. f. sér, Fms. xi. 63; … veizlur þar sem fyrir honum var búit, banquets that were ready for him, Eg. 45.

II. before one, in one’s way; þar er díki varð f. þeim, Eg. 530; á (fjörðr) varð f. þeim, a river, fjord, was before them, i. e. they came to it, 133, 161; at verða eigi f. liði yðru, 51; maðr sá varð f. Vindum, that man was overtaken by the V., Hkr. iii. 363; þeirra manna er f. honum urðu, Eg. 92.

2. sitja f. e-m, to lie in wait for one, Ld. 218, Nj. 107; lá f. henni í skóginum, Edda (pref.); sitja f. rekum, to sit watching for wrecks, Eg. 136 (fyrir-sát).

3. ellipt., menn urðu at gæta sín er f. urðu, Nj. 100; Egill var þar f. í runninum, E. was before (them), lay in ambush, Eg. 378; hafði sá bana er f. varð, who was before (the arrow), i. e. he was hit, Nj. 8.

4. verða f. e-u, to be hit, taken, suffer from a thing; ef hann verðr f. drepi, if he be struck, Grág. ii. 19; verða f. áverka, to be wounded, suffer injury, Ld. 140; verða f. reiði konungs, to fall into disgrace with the king, Eg. 226; verða f. ósköpum, to become the victim of a spell, spell-bound, Fas. i. 130; sitja f. hvers manns ámæli, to be the object of all men’s blame, Nj. 71; vera eigi f. sönnu hafðr, to be unjustly charged with a thing, to be innocent.

III. a naut. term, before, off; liggja f. bryggjum, to lie off the pier, Ld. 166; skip fljóta f. strengjum, Sks. 116; þeir lágu f. bænum, they lay off the town, Bs. i. 18; liggja úti f. Jótlands-síðu, off Jutland, Eg. 261; hann druknaði f. Jaðri, off the J., Fms. i. II; þeir kómu at honum f. Sjólandi, off Zealand, x. 394; hafa úti leiðangr f. landi, Hkr. i. 301; f. Humru-minni, off the Humber, Orkn. 338, cp. Km. 3, 8, 9, 13, 19, 21; fyrir Nesjum, off the Ness, Vellekla; fyrir Tungum, Sighvat; fyrir Spáni, off Spain, Orkn. 356.

IV. before, at the head of, denoting leadership; smalamaðr f. búi föður síns, Ver. 26 (of king David); vera f. liði, to be over the troops, Eg. 292, Nj. 7; vera f. máli, to lead the case, Band. 8; vera forstjóri f. búi, to be steward over the household, Eg. 52; ráða f. landi, ríki, etc., to rule, govern, Ó H. 33, Nj. 5; hverr f. eldinum réði, who was the ringleader of the fire, Eg. 239; ráða f. e-u, to rule, manage a thing, passim: the phrase, sitja f. svörum, to respond on one’s behalf, Ölk. 36, Band. 12; hafa svör f. e-m, to be the chief spokesman, Fms. x. 101, Dipl. v. 26.

V. special usages; friða f. e-m, to make peace for one, Fms. vii. 16, Bs. i. 65; bæta f. e-m, to make things good for one, Hom. 109; túlka, vera túlkr, flytja (etc.) f. e-m, to plead for one, Fms. iii. 33, Nj. 128,—also spilla f. e-m, to disparage one, Eg. 255; haga, ætla f. e-u, to manage, arrange for one, Ld. 208, Sturl. i. 14, Boll. 356; rífka ráð f. e-m, to better one’s condition, Nj. 21; ráða heiman-fylgju ok tilgjöf f. frændkonu sinni, Js. 58; standa f. manni, to stand before, shield a man, stand between him and his enemy, Eg. 357, Grág. ii. 13; vera skjöldr f. e-m, 655 xxxii. 4; hafa kostnað f. e-u, to have the expences for a thing, Ld. 14; vinna f. e-m, to support one by one’s work, Sks. 251; starfa f. fé sínu, to manage one’s money, Ld. 166; hyggja f. e-u, to take heed for a thing, Nj. 109; hyggja f. sér, Fs. 5; hafa forsjá f. e-m, to provide for one, Ld. 186; sjá f. e-u, to see after, Eg. 118, Landn, 152; sjá þú nokkut ráð f. mér, Nj. 20: ironic. to put at rest, Háv. 40: ellipt., sjá vel f., to provide well for, Nj. 102.

B. TEMP. ago; fyrir þrem nóttum, three nights ago; fyrir stundu, a while ago, Nj. 80; fyrir litlu, a little while ago, Fms. i. 76, Ld. 134; fyrir skömmu, a sbort while ago; fyrir löngu, a long while ago, Nj. 260, Fms. i. 50; fyrir öndverðu, from the beginning, Grág. i. 80, ii. 323, 394, Finnb. 342; fyrir þeim, before they were born, Fms. i. 57.

2. the phrase, vera f. e-u, to forebode; vera f. stórfundum, Nj. 107, 277; þat hygg ek vera munu f. siða-skipti, Fms. xi. 12; þessi draumr mun vera f. kvámu nökkurs manns, vii. 163; dreyma draum f. e-u, 8; fyrir tiðendum, ii. 65:—spá f. e-m, to ‘spae’ before, prophecy to one, Nj. 171.

C. METAPH.:

I. before, above; þóttu þeir þar f. öllum ungum mönnum, Dropl. 7; þykkisk hann mjök f. öðrum mönnum, Ld. 38; ver f. hirðmönnum, be first among my herdsmen, Eg. 65; Hálfdan svarti var f. þeim bræðrum, H. was the foremost of the brothers, Fms. i. 4; þorgrímr var f. sonum Önundar, Grett. 87; var Haraldr mest f. þeim at virðingu, Fms. i. 47.

II. denoting help, assistance; haun skal rétta vættið f. þeim, Grág. i. 45 (vide above A. IV and V).

2. the following seem to be Latinisms, láta lífit f. heilagri Kristni, to give up one’s life for holy Christianity, = Lat. pro, Fms. vii. 172; ganga undir píslir fyrir Guðs nafni, Blas. 38; gjalda önd mína f. önd þinni, Johann. 17; gefa gjöf f. sál sinni ( pro animâ suâ), H. E. i. 466; fyrir mér ok minni sál, Dipl. iv. 8; færa Guði fórnir f. e-m, 656 A; heita f. e-m, biðja f. e-m, to make a vow, pray for one (orare pro), Fms. iii. 48, Bs. i. 70; biðja f. mönnum, to intercede for, 19, Fms. xi. 287: even with a double construction, biðja f. stað sinn (acc., which is vernacular) ok heilagri kirkju (dat., which is a Latinism), x. 127.

III. denoting disadvantage, harm, suffering; þú lætr Egil vefja öll mál fyrir þér, thou lettest Egil thwart all thy affairs, Eg. 249; únýtir hann þá málit fyrir sér, then he ruins his own case, Grág. i. 36, Dropl. 14, 16; Manverjar rufu safnaðinn f. Þorkatli, the Manxmen broke up the assembly, i. e. forsook Thorkel, Fms. ix. 422; kom upp grátr f. henni, she burst into tears, 477; taka fé f. öðrum, to take another’s money, N. G. L. i. 20; knörr þann er konungr lét taka fyrir Þórólfi, Landn. 56; ef hross verðr tekit f. honum, if a horse of his be taken, Grág. i. 436; hann tók upp fé fyrir öllum, he seized property for them all, Ó. H. 60; e-t ferr ílla f. e-m, a thing turns out ill for one; svá fór f. Ólófu, so it came to pass for O., Vígl. 18; loka dyrr f. e-m, to lock the door in one’s face, Edda 21: þeir hafa eigi þessa menn f. yðr drepit, heldr f. yðrar sakir þessi víg vegit, i. e. they have not harmed you, but rather done you a service in slaying those men, Fbr. 33; tók at eyðask f. henni lausa-fé, her money began to fail, Nj. 29; rak á f. þeim storma ok stríðviðri, they were overtaken by gales and bad weather, Vígl. 27; Víglundr rak út knöttinn f. Jökli, V. drove the ball for J., i. e. so that he had to run after it, 24; sá er skar tygil f. Þóri, he who cut Thor’s line, Bragi; sverð brast f. mér, my sword broke, Korm. 98 (in a verse); brjóta e-t f. e-m, to break a thing for one, Bs. i. 15 (in a verse); Valgarðr braut krossa fyrir Merði ok öll heilög tákn, Nj. 167; árin brotnaði f. honum, his oar broke; allar kýrnar drápust fyrir honum, all his cows died.

2. denoting difficulty, hindrance; sitja f. sæmd e-s, to sit between oneself and one’s honour, i. e. to hinder one’s doing well, Sturl. 87; mikit göri þér mér f. þessu máli, you make this case sore for me, Eb. 124; þér er mikit f. máli, thy case stands ill, Fms. v. 325; ekki er Guði f. því, it is easy for God to do, 656 B. 9; varð honum lítið f. því, it was a small matter for him, he did it easily, Grett. III; mér er minna f. því, it is easier for me, Am. 60; þykkja mikit f. e-u, to be much grieved for a thing, do it unwillingly, Nj. 77; Icel. also say, þykja fyrir (ellipt.), to feel hurt, be displeased:—ellipt., er þeim lítið fyrir at villa járnburð þenna, it is a small matter for them to spoil this ordeal, Ó. H. 140; sem sér muni lítið f. at veiða Gunnar, Nj. 113; fast mun f. vera, it will be fast-fixed before (one), hard to move, Ld. 154; Ásgrími þótti þungt f., A. thought that things looked sad (heavy), Nj. 185; hann var lengi f., he was long about it, Fms. x. 205; hann var lengi f. ok kvað eigi nei við, he was cross and said not downright no, Þorf. Karl. 388.

IV. in a causal sense, for, because of, Lat. per, pro; sofa ek né mákat fugls jarmi fyrir, I cannot sleep for the shrill cry of birds, Edda 16 (in a verse); hon undi sér hvergi f. verkjum, she had no rest for pains, Bjarn. 69; fyrir gráti, tárum, = Lat. prae lacrymis; fyrir harmi, for sorrow; f. hlátri, for laughter, as in Engl.; þeir æddust f. einni konu, they went mad for the sake of one woman, Sól. 11; ílla fært f. ísum, scarce passable for ice, Fms. xi. 360; hætt var at sitja útar f. Miðgarðs-ormi, Edda 35; hann var lítt gengr f. sárinu, he could hardly walk for the wound, Fbr. 178; fyrir hræðslu, for fear, Hbl. 26; heptisk vegrinn f. þeim meinvættum sem …, Fs. 4; gáðu þeir eigi f. veiðum at fá heyjanna, because of fishing they took no care to make hay, Landn. 30; fyrir riki konungs, for the king’s power, Eg. 67, 117; fyrir ofríki manna, Grág. i. 68; fyrir hví, for why? Eluc. 4; fyrir hví þeir væri þar, Eg. 375; fyrir því, at …, for that, because, Edda 35, Fms. i. 22, vii. 330, Ld. 104; en fyrir því nú at, now since, Skálda 171; nú fyrir því at, id., 169: the phrase, fyrir sökum, for the sake of, because of, passim; vide sök.

V. by, by the force of; öxlin gékk ór liði fyrir högginu, the shoulder was disjointed by the force of the stroke, Háv. 52.

2. denoting contest; falla f. e-m, to fall before one, i. e. fighting against one, Fms. i. 7, iv. 9, x. 196; verða halloki f. e-m, to be overcome in fighting one, Ld. 146; látask f. e-m, to perish by one, Eb. 34; hafa bana f. e-m, to be slain by one, Nj. 43; þeir kváðu fá fúnað hafa f. honum, 263; mæddisk hann f. þeim, he lost his breath in fighting them, Eg. 192; láta ríki f. e-m, to lose the kingdom before another, i. e. so that the latter gains it, 264; láta lausar eignir mínar f. þér, 505; láta hlut sinn f. e-m, Fs. 47; standask f. e-m, to stand one’s ground before one, Edda (pref.); hugðisk hann falla mundu f. sjóninni einni saman, that he would sink before his glance, 28, Hým. 12; halda hlut f. e-m, Ld. 54; halda frið ok frelsi f. várum óvinum, Fms. viii. 219; fara mun ek sem ek hefi áðr ætlað f. þínum draum ( thy dream notwithstanding), Ld. 216; þér farit hvárt er þér vilit f. mér, you go wherever you like for me, so far as I am concerted, Fær. 37; halda vöku f. sér, to keep oneself awake, Fms. i. 216.

β. with verbs, flýja, hlaupa, renna, stökkva f. e-m, to fly, leap, run before one, i. e. to be pursued, Bs. i. 774, Grág. ii. 359; at hann rynni f. þrælum hans, Ld. 64; fyrir þessum úfriði stökk Þangbrandr til Noregs, 180; skyldi hann ganga ór á f. Hofsmönnum, Landn. 178; ganga f. e-u, to give way before, yield to a thing, Fms. i. 305, x. 292; vægja f. e-m, to yield to one, give way, Eg. 21, 187, Nj. 57, Ld. 234.

VI. against; verja land f. e-m, Eg. 32; verja landit f. Dönum ok öðrum víkingum, Fms. i. 23; til landvarnar f. víkingum, Eg. 260; landvarnar-maðr f. Norðmönnum, Fms. vi. 295; gæta brúarinnar f. bergrisum, Edda 17; gæt þín vel f. konungi ok hans mönnum, guard thee well against the king and his men, Eg. 113; góð aðstoð f. tröllum ok dvergum, Bárð. 163; beiða Baldri griða f. allskonar háska, Edda 36; auðskæðr f. höggum, Eg. 770.

VII. in the sense of being driven before; fyrir straumi, veðri, vindi, before the stream, wind, weather (forstreymis, forvindis), Grág. ii. 384, Fms. vii. 262; halda f. veðri, to stand before the wind, Róm. 211.

2. rýrt mun verða f. honum smá-mennit, he will have an easy game with the small people, Nj. 94: ellipt., hafði sá bana er f. varð, 8; sprakk f., 16, 91.

VIII. fyrir sér, of oneself, esp. of physical power; mikill f. sér, strong, powerful; lítill f. sér, weak, feeble, Nj. 20, Ísl. ii. 368, Eg. 192; þér munuð kalla mik lítinn mann f. mér, Edda 33; minnstr f. sér, smallest, weakest, Eg. 123; gildr maðr f. sér, Ísl. ii. 322, Fms. ii. 145; herðimaðr mikiil f. sér, a hardy man, Nj. 270; hvat ert þú f. þér, what kind of fellow art thou? Clem. 33; vera einn f. sér, to be a strange fellow, Grett. 79 new Ed.; Icel. also say, göra mikið (lítið) f. sér, to make oneself big ( little).

β. sjóða e-t f. sér, to hesitate, saunter, Nj. 154; mæla f. munni, to talk between one’s teeth, to mutter, Orkn. 248, Nj. 249.

IX. denoting manner or quality; hvítr f. hærum, white with hoary hairs, Fms. vi. 95, Fas. ii. 540; gráir fyrir járnum, grey with steel, of a host in armour, Mag. 5; hjölt hvít f. silfri, a hilt white with silver = richly silvered, Eb. 226.

X. as adverb or ellipt.,

1. ahead, in front, = á undan, Lat. prae, opp. to eptir; þá var eigi hins verra eptir ván, er slíkt fór fyrir, as this came first, preceded, Nj. 34; at einhverr mundi fara heim fyrir, that some one would go home first (to spy), Eg. 580; Egill fór f., E. went in before, id.; at vér ríðim þegar f. í nótt, 283.

β. first; hann stefndi f. málinu, en hann mælti eptir, one pronounced the words first, but the other repeated after him, Nj. 35; mun ek þar eptir göra sem þér gerit f., I shall do to you according as you do first, 90:—temp., sjau nóttum f., seven nights before, Grág. ii. 217.

2. to the fore, at hand, present; þar var fyrir fjöldi boðsmanna, a host of guests was already to the fore, i. e. before the bride and bridegroom came, Nj. 11; úvíst er at vita hvar úvinir sitja á fleti fyrir, Hm. 1; skal þá lögmaðr þar f. vera, he shall be there present, Js. 3; heima í túni fyrir, Fær. 50; þar vóru fyrir Hildiríðar-synir, Eg. 98; var honum allt kunnigt fyrir, he knew all about the localities, 583; þeim ómögum, sem f. eru, who are there already, i. e. in his charge, Grág. i. 286: of things, föng þau er f. vóru, stores that were to the fore, at hand, Eg. 134.

3. fore, opp. to ‘back,’ of clothes; slæður settar f. allt gullknöppum, Eg. 516; bak ok fyrir, back and front, = bak ok brjóst, Mar.

XI. in the phrase, e-m verðr e-t fyrir, a thing is before one, i. e. one takes that and that step, acts so and so in an emergency; nú verðr öðrum þeirra þat f., at hann kveðr, now if the other part alleges, that …, Grág. i. 362; Kolbeini varð ekki f., K. had no resource, i. e. lost his head, Sturl. iii. 285:—the phrase, e-t mælisk vel (ílla) fyrir, a thing is well ( ill) reported of; víg Gunnars spurðisk ok mæltisk ílla fyrir um allar sveitir, Nj. 117, Sturl. ii. 151; mun þat vel f. mælask, people will like it well, Nj. 29, Þórð. 55 new Ed.; ílla mun þat f. mælask at ganga á sættir við frændr sína, Ld. 238; ok er lokit var, mæltisk kvæðit vel f., the people praised the poem, Fms. vii. 113.

XII. in special senses, either as prep. or adv. (vide A. V. above); segja leið f. skipi, to pilot a ship, Eg. 359; segja f. skipi, to say a prayer for a new ship or for any ship going to sea, Bs. i. 774, Fms. x. 480; mæla f. e-u, to dictate, Grág. ii. 266; mæla f. minni, to bring out a toast, vide minni; mæla f. sætt, i. 90; skipa, koma e-u f., to arrange, put right; ætla f. e-u, to make allowance for; trúa e-m f. e-u, to entrust one with; það fer mikið f. e-u (impers.), it is of great compass, bulky; hafa f. e-u, to have trouble with a thing; leita f. sér, to enquire; biðjask f., to say one’s prayers, vide biðja; mæla fyrir, segja f., etc., to order, Nj. 103, Js. 3: of a spell or solemn speaking, hann mælti svá f., at …, Landn. 34; spyrjask f., to enquire, Hkr. ii. 333; búask f., to prepare, make arrangement, Landn. 35, Sks. 551; skipask f., to draw up, Nj. 197; leggjask f., to lie down in despair, Bs. i. 194; spá fyrir, to ‘spae’ before, foretell; þeir menn er spá f. úorðna hluti, Fms. i. 96; segja f., to foretell, 76, Bb. 332; Njáll hefir ok sagt f. um æfi hans, Nj. 102; vita e-t f., to ‘wit’ beforehand, know the future, 98; sjá e-t f., to foresee, 162; ef þat er ætlat f., fore-ordained, id.

WITH ACC., mostly with the notion of movement.

A. LOCAL:

I. before, in front of; fyrir dyrrin, Nj. 198; láta síga brýnn f. brár, Hkv. Hjörv. 19; halda f. augu sér, to hold (one’s hands) before one’s eyes, Nj. 132; leggja sverði fyrir brjóst e-m, to thrust a sword into his breast, 162, Fs. 39.

2. before one, before a court; stefna e-m f. dómstól, Fms. xi. 444; ganga, koma f. e-n, to go, come before one, Fms. i. 15, Eg. 426, Nj. 6, 129, passim; fyrir augu e-s, before one’s eyes, Stj. 611.

3. before, so as to shield; hann kom skildinum f. sik, he put the shield before him, Nj. 97, 115; halda skildi f. e-n, a duelling term, since the seconder had to hold one’s shield, Ísl. ii. 257.

4. joined to adverbs such as fram, aptr, út, inn, ofan, niðr, austr, vestr, suðr, norðr, all denoting direction; fram f., forward; aptr f., backward, etc.; hann reiddi öxina fram f. sik, a stroke forward with the axe, Fms. vii. 91; hann hljóp eigi skemra aptr en fram fyrir sik, Nj. 29; þótti honum hann skjóta brandinum austr til fjallanna f. sik, 195; komask út f. dyrr, to go outside the door, Eg. 206:—draga ofan f. brekku, to drag over the hill, Ld. 220; hrinda f. mel ofan, to thrust one over the gravel bank, Eg. 748; hlaupa f. björg, to leap over a precipice, Eb. 62, Landn. 36; elta e-n f. björg, Grág. ii. 34; hlaupa (kasta) f. borð, to leap ( throw) overboard, Fms. i. 178, Hkr. iii. 391, Ld. 226; síga ( to be hauled) niðr f. borgar-vegg, 656 C. 13, Fms. ix. 3; hlaupa niðr f. stafn, Eg. 142; niðr f. skaflinn, Dropl. 25; fyrir brekku, Orkn. 450, Glúm. 395 (in a verse).

II. in one’s way, crossing one’s way; þeir stefndu f. þá, Fms. ix. 475; ríða á leið f. þá, to ride in their way, so as to meet them, Boll. 348; hlaupa ofan f. þá, Nj. 153; vóru allt komin f. hann bréf, letters were come before him, in his way, Fms. vii. 207; þeir felldu brota f. hann, viz. they felled trees before him, so as to stop him, viii. 60, ix. 357; leggja bann f. skip, to lay an embargo on a ship, Ld. 166.

III. round, off a point; fyrir nesit, Nj. 44; út f. Holm, out past the Holm, Fms. vii. 356: esp. as a naut. term, off a point on the shore, sigla f. England, Norðyrnbraland, Þrasnes, Spán, to sail by the coast of, stand off England, Northumberland, … Spain, Orkn. 338, 340, 342, 354; fyrir Yrjar, Fms. vii. (in a verse); fyrir Siggju, Aumar, Lista, Edda 91 (in a verse); er hann kom f. Elfina, when be came off the Gotha, Eg. 80; leggja land f. skut, to lay the land clear of the stern, i. e. to pass it, Edda l. c.; göra frið f. land sitt, to pacify the land from one end to another, Ld. 28; fyrir uppsprettu árinnar, to come to ( round) the sources of the river, Fms. iii. 183; fyrir garðs-enda, Grág. ii. 263; girða f. nes, to make a wall across the ness, block it up, cp. Lat. praesepire, praemunire, etc., Grág. ii. 263; so also binda f. op, poka, Lat. praeligare, praestringere; hlaða f. gat, holu, to stop a hole, opening; greri f. stúfinn, the stump (of the arm or leg) was healed, closed, Nj. 275; skjóta slagbrandi f. dyrr, to shoot a bolt before the door, to bar it, Dropl. 29; láta loku (lás) f. hurð, to lock a door, Gísl. 28; setja innsigli f. bréf, to set a seal to a letter, Dipl. i. 3: ellipt., setr hón þar lás fyrir, Ld. 42, Bs. i. 512.

2. along, all along; f. endilanga Danmörk, f. endilangan Noreg, all along Denmark, Norway, from one end to the other, Fms. iv. 319, xi. 91, Grett. 97:—öx álnar f. munn, an axe with an ell-long edge, Ld. 276; draga ör f. ödd, to draw the arrow past the point, an archer’s term, Fms. ii. 321.

IV. with verbs, fyrir ván komit, one is come past hope, all hope is gone, Sturl. i. 44, Hrafn. 13, Fms. ii. 131; taka f. munn e-m, to stop one’s mouth; taka f. háls, kverkar, e-m, to seize one by the throat, etc.; taka mál f. munn e-m, ‘verba alicujus praeripere,’ to take the word out of one’s mouth, xi. 12; taka f. hendr e-m, to seize one’s hands, stop one in doing a thing, Eb. 124; mod., taka fram f. hendrnar á e-m.

B. TEMP.: fyrir dag, before day, Eg. 80; f. miðjan dag, Ld. 14; f. sól, before sunrise, 268; f. sólar-lag, before sunset; f. miðjan aptan, Nj. 192; f. náttmál, 197; f. óttu, Sighvat; f. þinglausnir, Ölk. 37; f. Jól, Nj. 269; f. fardaga, Grág. ii. 341; viku f. sumar, 244; f. mitt sumar, Nj. 138; litlu f. vetr, Eg. 159; f. vetrnætr, Grág. ii. 217; f. e-s minni, before one’s memory, Íb. 16.

C. METAPH.:

I. above, before; hann hafdi mest fyrir aðra konunga hraustleikinn, Fms. x. 372.

II. for, on behalf of; vil ek bjóða at fara f. þik, I will go for thee, in thy stead, Nj. 77; ganga í skuld f. e-n, Grág. i. 283; Egill drakk … ok svá f. Ölvi, Eg. 210; kaupa e-t f. e-n, Nj. 157; gjalda gjöld f. e-n, Grág. i. 173; verja, sækja, sakir f. e-n, Eg. 504; hvárr f. sik, each for oneself, Dipl. v. 26; sættisk á öll mál f. Björn, Nj. 266; tók sættir f. Björn, Eg. 168; svara f. e-t, Fms. xi. 444; hafa til varnir f. sik, láta lýrit, lög-vörn koma f.; færa vörn f. sik, etc.; verja, sækja sakir f. sik, and many similar law phrases, Grág. passim; biðja konu f. e-n, to woo a lady for another, Fms. x. 44; fyrir mik, on my behalf, for my part, Gs. 16; lögvörn f. mál, a lawful defence for a case, Nj. 111; hafa til varnar f. sök, to defend a case, Grág. i. 61; halda skiladómi f. e-t, Dipl. iv. 8; festa lög f. e-t, vide festa.

III. in a distributive sense; penning f. mann, a penny per man, K. Þ. K. 88; fyrir nef hvert, per nose = per head, Lv. 89, Fms. i. 153, Ó. H. 141; hve f. marga menn, for how many men, Grág. i. 296; fyrir hverja stiku, for each yard, 497.

IV. for, for the benefit of; brjóta brauð f. hungraða, Hom. 75; þeir skáru f. þá melinn, they cut the straw for them (the horses), Nj. 265; leggja kostnað f. e-n, to defray one’s costs, Grág. i. 341.

V. for, instead of; hann setti sik f. Guð, Edda (pref.); hafa e-n f. Guð (Lat. pro Deo), Stj. 73, Barl. 131; geta, fá, kveðja mann f. sik, to get a man as one’s delegate or substitute, Grág. i. 48 passim; þeir höfðu vargstakka f. brynjur, Fs. 17; manna-höfuð vóru f. kljána, Nj. 275; gagl f. gás ok grís f. gamalt svín, Ó. H. 86; rif stór f. hlunna, Háv. 48; buðkr er f. húslker er hafðr, Vm. 171; auga f. auga, tönn f. tönn, Exod. xxi. 24; skell f. skillinga, Þkv. 32.

VI. because of, for; vilja Gunnar dauðan fyrir höggit, Nj. 92, Fms. v. 162; eigi f. sakleysi, not without ground, i. 302; fyrir hvat (why, for what) stefndi Gunnarr þeim til úhelgi? Nj. 101; ok urðu f. þat sekir, Landn. 323; hafa ámæli f. e-t, Nj. 65, passim.

2. in a good sense, for one’s sake, for one; fyrir þín orð, for thy words, intercession, Ísl. ii. 217; vil ek göra f. þín orð, Ld. 158, Nj. 88; fyrir sína vinsæld, by his popularity, Fms. i. 259: the phrase, fyrir e-s sök, for one’s sake, vide sök: in swearing, a Latinism, fyrir trú mína, by my faith! (so in Old Engl. ‘fore God), Karl. 241; fyrir þitt líf, Stj. 514; ek særi þik f. alla krapta Krists ok manndóm þinn, Nj. 176. VII. for, at, denoting value, price; fyrir þrjár merkr, for three marks, Eg. 714; er sik leysti út f. þrjú hundruð marka, Fms. ix. 421; ganga f. hundrað, to pass or go for a hundred, D. I. i. 316:—also of the thing bought, þú skalt reiða f. hana þrjár merkr, thou shall pay for her three marks, Ld. 30; fyrir þik skulu koma mannhefndir, Nj. 57; bætr f. víg, Ísl. ii. 274; bætr f. mann, Eg. 259, passim; fyrir áverka Þorgeirs kom legorðs-sökin, Nj. 101:—so in the phrase, fyrir hvern mun, by all means, at any cost; fyrir öngan mun, by no means, Fms. i. 9, 157, Gþl. 531:—hafði hverr þeirra mann f. sik, eða tvá …, each slew a man or more for himself, i. e. they sold their lives dearly, Ó. H. 217.

2. ellipt., í staðinn f., instead of, Grág. i. 61; hér vil ek bjóða f. góð boð, Nj. 77; taka umbun f., Fms. vii. 161; svara slíku f. sem …, Boll. 350; þér skulut öngu f. týna nema lífinu, you shall lose nothing less than your head, Nj. 7.

VIII. by means of, by, through; fyrir þat sama orð, Stj.; fyrir sína náttúru, Fms. v. 162; fyrir messu-serkinn, iii. 168; fyrir þinn krapt ok frelsis-hönd, Pass. 19. 12; svikin f. orminn, by the serpent, Al. 63,—this use of fyrir seems to be a Latinism, but is very freq. in eccl. writings, esp. after the Reformation, N. T., Pass., Vídal.; fyrir munn Davíðs, through the mouth of David, etc.:—in good old historical writings such instances are few; þeir hlutuðu f. kast ( by dice), Sturl. ii. 159.

IX. in spite of, against; fyrir vilja sinn, N. G. L. i. 151; fyrir vitorð eðr vilja e-s, against one’s will or knowledge, Grág. ii. 348; kvángask (giptask) f. ráð e-s, i. 177, 178, Þiðr. 190; nú fara menn f. bann ( in spite of an embargo) landa á milli, Gþl. 517; hann gaf henni líf f. framkvæmd farar, i. e. although she had not fulfilled her journey ( her vow), Fms. v. 223; fyrir várt lof, vi. 220; fyrir allt þat, in spite of all that, Grett. 80 new Ed.; fyrir ráð fram, heedlessly; fyrir lög fram, vide fram.

X. denoting capacity, in the same sense as ‘at,’ C. II, p. 27, col. 1; scarcely found in old writers (who use ‘at’), but freq. in mod. usage, thus, eigi e-n f. vin, to have one for a friend, in old writers ‘at vin;’ hafa e-n f. fífl, fól, to make sport of one.

2. in old writers some phrases come near to this, e. g. vita f. vist, to know for certain, Dipl. i. 3; vita f. full sannindi, id., ii. 16; hafa f. satt, to take for sooth, believe, Nj. 135; koma f. eitt, to come ( turn) all to one, Lv. 11, Nj. 91, Fms. i. 208; koma f. ekki, to come to naught, be of no avail, Ísl. ii. 215; fyrir hitt mun ganga, it will turn the other way, Nj. 93; fyrir hann er einskis örvænt orðs né verks, from him everything may be expected, Ísl. ii. 326; hafa e-s víti f. varnað, to have another’s faults for warning, Sól. 19.

XI. joined with adverbs ending in -an, fyrir austan, vestan, sunnan, norðan, útan, innan, framan, handan, ofan, neðan, either with a following acc. denoting. direction, thus, fyrir austan, sunnan … fjall, east, south of the fell, i. e. on the eastern, southern side; fyrir neðan brú, below the bridge; fyrir útan fjall = Lat. ultra; fyrir innan fjall = Lat. infra; fyrir handan á, beyond the river; fyrir innan garð, inside the yard; fyrir ofan garð, above, beyond the yard, etc.; vide these adverbs:—used adverb., fyrir sunnan, in the south; fyrir vestan, in the west; fyrir norðan, in the north; fyrir austan, in the east,—current phrases in Icel. to mark the quarters of the country, cp. the ditty in Esp. Árb. year 1530; but not freq. in old writers, who simply say, norðr, suðr …, cp. Kristni S. ch. 1: absol. and adverb., fyrir ofan, uppermost; fyrir handan, on the other side:—fyrir útan e-t, except, save, Anal. 98, Vkv. 8; fyrir fram, vide fram.

☞ For- and fyrir- as prefixes, vide pp. 163–167 and below:

I. fore-, for-, meaning before, above, in the widest sense, local, temp., and metaph. furthering or the like, for-dyri, for-nes, for-ellri, for-beini, etc.

β. before, down, for-brekkis, -bergis, -streymis, -vindis, -viðris, etc.

2. in an intens. sense = before others, very, but not freq.; for-dyld, -góðr, -hagr, -hraustr, -kostuligr, -kuðr, -lítill, -ljótr, -prís, -ríkr, -snjallr.

II. (cp. fyrir, acc., C. IX), in a neg. or priv. sense; a few words occur even in the earliest poems, laws, and writers, e. g. for-að, -átta, -dæða, -nám, -næmi, -sending, -sköp, -verk, -veðja, -viða, -vitni, -ynja, -yrtir; those words at least seem to be original and vernacular: at a later time more words of the same kind crept in:

1. as early as writers of the 13th and 14th centuries, e. g. for-boð, -bænir, -djarfa, -dæma (fyrir-dæma), -taka (fyrir-taka), -þóttr; fyrir-bjóða, -fara, -göra, -koma, -kunna, -líta, -muna, -mæla, -vega, -verða.

2. introduced in some words at the time of the Reformation through Luther’s Bible and German hymns, and still later in many more through Danish, e. g. for-brjóta, -drífa, -láta, -líkast, -merkja, -nema, -sorga, -sóma, -standa, -svara, -þénusta, and several others; many of these, however, are not truly naturalised, being chiefly used in eccl. writings:—it is curious that if the pronoun be placed after the verb (which is the vernacular use in Icel.) the sense is in many cases reversed; thus, fyrir-koma, to destroy, but koma e-u fyrir can only mean to arrange; so also fyrir-mæla, to curse, and mæla fyrir, to speak for; for-bænir, but biðja fyrir e-m, etc.; in the latter case the sense is good and positive, in the former bad and negative; this seems to prove clearly that these compds are due to foreign influence.

Íslensk-ensk orðabók > FYRIR
20 north

north [nɔ:θ]

1 noun

(a) Geography nord m;

∎ in the north au nord, dans le nord;

∎ the region to the north of Sydney la région au nord de Sydney;

∎ two miles to the north trois kilomètres au nord;

∎ look towards the north regardez vers le nord;

∎ I was born in the north je suis né dans le Nord;

∎ in the north of India dans le nord de l'Inde;

∎ the wind is in the north le vent est au nord;

∎ the wind is coming from the north le vent vient ou souffle du nord;

∎ History the North (in American Civil War) = les États antiesclavagistes du nord des États-Unis; (affluent countries) le Nord;

∎ the North-South divide (in Britain) = ligne fictive de démarcation, en termes de richesse, entre le nord de l'Angleterre (plus pauvre) et le sud (plus riche); (in global economy) fossé m Nord-Sud;

∎ South of England familiar north and south (rhyming slang mouth) bouche f, clapet m

(b) Cards nord m

2 adjective

(a) Geography nord (inv), du nord; (country, state) du Nord; (wall) exposé au nord;

∎ the north coast la côte nord;

∎ in north London dans le nord de Londres;

∎ in North India en Inde du Nord;

∎ the North Atlantic/Pacific l'Atlantique m/le Pacifique Nord;

∎ the North Atlantic Drift le Gulf Stream

(b) (wind) de nord, du nord

3 adverb

au nord; (travel) vers le nord, en direction du nord;

∎ the ranch lies north of the town le ranch est situé au nord de la ville;

∎ this room faces north cette pièce est exposée au nord;

∎ the trail heads (due) north le chemin va ou mène (droit) vers le nord;

∎ go north until you come to a village allez vers le nord jusqu'à ce que vous arriviez à un village;

∎ I drove north for two hours j'ai roulé pendant deux heures en direction du nord;

∎ we're going north for our holidays nous allons passer nos vacances dans le Nord;

∎ I travelled north je suis allé vers le nord;

∎ to sail north naviguer cap sur le nord;

∎ it's 20 miles north of Manchester c'est à 32 kilomètres au nord de Manchester;

∎ they live up north ils habitent dans le Nord;

∎ north by east/by west nord-quart-nord-est/nord-quart-nord-ouest;

∎ further north plus au nord;

∎ north of Watford = façon humoristique de désigner la partie nord de l'Angleterre

►► North Africa Afrique f du Nord;

∎ in North Africa en Afrique du Nord;

North African

1 noun

Nord-Africain(e) m,f

2 adjective

nord-africain, d'Afrique du Nord;

North America Amérique f du Nord; North American

1 noun

Nord-Américain(e) m,f

2 adjective

nord-américain, d'Amérique du Nord;

the North American Indians les Indiens mpl d'Amérique du Nord;

Economics North American Free Trade Agreement Accord m de libre-échange nord-américain;

the North Cape le cap Nord;

North Carolina la Caroline du Nord;

∎ in North Carolina en Caroline du Nord;

the North Circular = voie périphérique rapide au nord de Londres;

the North Country (in England) l'Angleterre f du Nord; (in America) = l'Alaska, le Yukon et les Territoires du Nord-Ouest;

∎ he's got a North Country accent il a un accent du Nord;

North Dakota le Dakota du Nord;

∎ in North Dakota dans le Dakota du Nord;

the North Downs = région de collines calcaires au sud de Londres;

North Island l'île f du Nord;

∎ in (the) North Island à l'île du Nord;

North Korea Corée f du Nord; North Korean

1 noun

Nord-Coréen(enne) m,f

2 adjective

nord-coréen;

the North Pole le pôle Nord;

North Rhine-Westphalia Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie f;

∎ in North Rhine-Westphalia en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie;

North Sea, the North Sea la mer du Nord;

the North Star l'étoile f Polaire;

the North Star State = surnom donné au Minnesota;

North Vietnam le Viêt-Nam du Nord;

∎ in North Vietnam au Viêt-Nam du Nord; North Vietnamese

1 noun

Nord-Vietnamien(enne) m,f

2 adjective

nord-vietnamien;

North Wales nord m du pays de Galles; North Walian

1 noun

habitant(e) m,f du nord du pays de Galles

2 adjective

du nord du pays de Galles;

North Yemen Yémen m du Nord;

∎ in North Yemen au Yémen du Nord;

North Yorkshire le North Yorkshire, = comté dans le nord-est de l'Angleterre;

∎ in North Yorkshire dans le North Yorkshire

✾ Film 'North by Northwest' Hitchcock 'La Mort aux trousses'

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > north

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

Sail Indonesia — is a series of sailing and other events for yachts conducted each year in Indonesia. The events are organised by Yayasan Cinta Bahari Indonesia (YCBI) and supported by the high profile tourist destinations to international yachtsmen and women… … Wikipedia
Sail training — From its modern interpretations to its antecedents when maritime nations would send young naval officer candidates to sea (e.g., see Outward Bound), sail training provides an unconventional and effective way of building many useful skills on and… … Wikipedia
South Pacific Division of Seventh-day Adventists — The Seventh day Adventist Church in the South Pacific, (Oceania), is formally organised as the South Pacific Division of Seventh day Adventists (SPD), also abbreviated as the South Pacific Division or simply the Division . It is one of 13 world… … Wikipedia
South Pole — This article is about the Geographic South Pole. For other uses, see South Pole (disambiguation). Coordinates: 90°S 0°W / 90°S 0°W / 90; 0 … Wikipedia
Farthest South — (sometimes known as Furthest South) describes the most southerly latitude reached by explorers before the conquest of the South Pole rendered the expression obsolete. Significant early steps in the convergence towards the Pole were the discovery… … Wikipedia
Glenelg, South Australia — Infobox Australian Place| type = suburb name = Glenelg state = sa caption = Glenelg Town Hall, Moseley Square. city = Adelaide pop = 3,125 (2006 Census) area = 0.88 area footnotes = (approx) lga = City of Holdfast Bay postcode = 5045 propval= 500 … Wikipedia
Klemzig, South Australia — Infobox Australian Place | type = suburb name = Klemzig city = Adelaide state = sa lga = City of Port Adelaide Enfield postcode = 5087 est = 1837 pop = 5,016 [ [http://www.portenf.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/Klemzig.pdf Alberton ] ] area =… … Wikipedia
History of South Australia — The history of South Australia details from the first human activity in the region, estimated at about 20 000 years ago to the current events of the 21st century. Aboriginal settlement : For early human settlement in Australia see Prehistory of… … Wikipedia
Transportation in South Korea — is provided by extensive networks of railways, highways, bus routes, ferry services, and air routes that criss cross the country.RailwaysSouth Korea has an excellent railroad network. The first railroad, which linked Seoul and Incheon, was opened … Wikipedia
Vice Admiralty Court (New South Wales) — The Vice Admiralty Court was a prerogative court established in the early eighteenth century in the colony of New South Wales, which was to become a state of Australia. A vice admiralty court is in effect an admiralty court. The word “vice” in… … Wikipedia
First Republic of South Korea — Republic of Korea 대한민국 大韓民國 ← … Wikipedia

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

to sail due south

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

to sail due south

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка: